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From the Líbrary of Daniel Bínchy

IRISH TEXTS SOCIETV,

comAnn r\A ssRíbeAnn
5Aet)il5e.

VOL. XIX.

[19 17]

5At!)AlcAis seARltiis rhóm

The

CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE

Edited from
The Book of Lismore and Three other Vellum MSS.

BY
DOUGLAS HYDE, LLD., D.LITT., M.R.LA.

LONDON:
IRISH Texts Societv. 20, Hanover Square. W.

1917

PREFACE.

The earlv Irish were well acqiiainted with Charlemagne and his
oareer.^ His hfe, in fact, and his court and his ambitions had
their due effect upon the Irish kings. Hence it is not vei^' sur-
prising that in later times such a text as the present should have
become popular, not onlv for its own sake — and as a piece of
literature it is quite well written, and the death of Roland really
pathetic — but also because it must have appealed to a people who,
with their innumerable houses and foundations on the Continent,
could hardly have wholly forgotten their lettered ancestors who
had once adorned the French court.

The following text is onc of a number of allied pieces of
literature translated into Late-Middle or Early-Modern Irish in
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, at a time when the English
power in Ireland was reduced to a minimum and the Norman
invaders had becorne gaelicised. The present story is taken
direct from a Latin original, but others were translated from
French and others again from Middle English. The texts are
preserved in vellum MSS. of the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries
and havc certain traits in common. Thus our text resembles
very much in style and vocabularv the translation of the French
story Fierebras contained in a fifteenth centurj' vellum, and also
thc Early-Enghsh story of Bevis of Hampton, the fragmentary
Queste del Saint Graal, the History of the Lombards and Maun-
deviUe's Travels. This last is the only one of these pieces that
we can date with any certainty, and it was written in 1475, as
Fingin 0'Mahony the translator tells us in his interesting preface.
I shall try to shov/ that our present text must have been written

1 . Charlemagne knew Ireland too, and sent fifty shekels of silver as a present
to the conimunity at Clonmacnois. His favourite Alcuin was educated
there. Dungal wrote letters and poenis to him. Scotus Eriu-gena (i.e. the
Irish-born) resided for a time in the palace of Charlem.agne's grandson,
Charles the Bald. Professor Mac Neill has sustained the thesis that Charle-
magne's career consciouslv influenced later Irish kings.

vi. Preface.

in or about 1400.' If before this date, it could not have been
long before, for it is almost as much an Early-Modein as a Late-
Middle Irish text.

THE LATIN ORIGINAL.

The Latin original from which the text was made is ascribed
to Turpin, Archbisliop oí Rheims, a contemporary of Charlemagne,
and he professes in the text to be the author of certain chapters.
His authorship was not questioned when the book was first
printed in 1566 by S. Scardius of Frankfort-on-Main in a tome
called "Germanicarum rerum quatuor celebriores vetustiores-que
chronographi," nor yet by his next editor. Both accepted it as
the genuine work of Turpin, who was a real character and fiourished
from about 753 to 800, and was known to the Germans as
Tj'lpinus.

Gaston Paris however proves in his Latin treatise De Pseudo
Turpino what other scholars had long suspected, that the chronicle
is not Turpin's at all, but the work of different people writing at
different times between the beginning of the eleventh and the
middle of the twelfth century, that is from 1020 to about 1150.
Some of the work is built upon old French Chansons de Geste,
for certain of the names such as Aigolandus, Marsile, etc, are
found only in the Chansons. The bulk of the book from Chapter VI.
to Chapter XXXIl., with the prologue, was probably written by
a monk of St. Andrew's at Vienne with some alterations by a
monk of St. Denis any time between 1109 and 1119. The first
íive chapters are the oldest part of the work, and were obviously
v/ritten by a monk of Compostella. There is no pretence in these
earher chapters that Turpin is the author, and as for Roland,
whose name later on dominates the entire legend in everj^ country,
he is not even mentioned; the only object of the worthy writer

1. It is probably nearly a hundred years older than the Maundeville, which
abounds in íoreign word';, as mainer manner, maindser manger, pota pot,
prclaitt prelate, pudar dust, raibher river, rostad roast, statuid statute, tathern
tavern, tumba tomb, uindimint ointmcnt, carbbuncla carbuncle, clima clime,
cursa a course, fersa a verse, fisice a physician, graibtl gravel, halla a hall,
lampa a lamp, offrail offering, mitall mettle, perse a perch, titul title, tristeil
trestles, deithfer difference, fundamint íoundation, etc.

Preface- vii.

being to urge the faithful to visit the tomb of St. James at Santiago
de Compostella.

Tliis chronicle soon became very popular. No less than five
translations were made of it into Old French at the end of the
twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century. A splendid
Welsh translation in which it is woven into the Roman d' Otuel,
and part of the Chanson de Roland, was inade not later than 1275.

The chronicle was first pubhshed in 1566, at Frankfort,
and eighteen years later at the same place by Reuber. Sub-
sequent editions appeared at Florence and Brussels and finaliy
an accurate edition from seven vellum MSS. at Montpellier
was pubHshed by M. Castets in 1880, the best of the vellums
being of the twelfth or thirteenth century. "Si ce n'est pas,"
says Castets, "le Turpin primitif, c'est bien celui qui de bonne
heure a été le Turpin officiel, c'est celui qu' on n'a cessé
de hre de traduire et d'imiter au Moyen-Age et que les
romanciers italiens depuis Nicolas de Padoue jusqu' á Arioste
ont accepté comme le chroniqueur en titre des hauts faits
de Charlemagne et de Roland."^ I have made use of the Frank-
fort text of 1584^ (Fr.), and also of this text of Castets (C), and
compared the Irish carefully with both of thern. These texts do
not always agree with one another nor does the Irish text wholly
agree with either of them, but now with one now with the other,
and occasionally with neither.

HOW THE IRISH VERSIONS DIFFER FROM THE LATIN.

The following are the principal differences : all the Irish MSS.
except the fragment in the King's Inns Library omit the
prefatory epistle ascribed to Turpin which the published Latin
texts contain, but which the Welsh also omits. It is a brief letter

1. Under the title oí the "Y.storya de Carolo Magiio" from the Red Book
oí Hergest,see"Y Cymmodor" oí 1883 íor the text, and of 1907 for the trans-
lation and notes by Rev. Robert Williams. The Turpin chronicle amoimts
to not much more than a third of the Welsh text, the rest being ta,ken from
the Roman d'Otuel and the Chanson de Roland. 2. It is the text

"dont s'est servi Ciampi . . . . de dixhuit manuscrits ú Paris, et de
sept de MontpeUier." ó. Entitled "veterum scriptorum qui

Caesarum et imperatorum Germanicorum res per aliquot secula gestas

literis mandaverunt."

viii. Preface.

addresscd to Lcoprandus of Aix la ChapcUc giving Turpin's reasons
for writing the book, stating that he records events of which he
had been an eye-witncss,' and that he writes these doings of
Charlemagne because they are not all ítnind in the chronicle of
St. Denis.2

The Irish translator in accordance with the Frankfort text [Fr.]
omits the greater part of Chapter III. which Castets gives. This
contains a Hst of thc "urbes et majores villae" which Charles
had conquered, and is evidently the work of some Spanish monk,
for no Frenchman could have known thern. Thesc names with
those of "insulae et telures" number about one hundred and
sixteen. The Irish translator may have had the list before him,
but if so he preferred not to encumber his pages with a mass of
names that could have had no signiíicance for his readers. He
omits, probably for the same reason, many of the countries and
kings mentioned in Chapter IX. of the Latin. He very wisely
passes by without notice the constant and tedious Latin exclama-
tions "O virum laudabilem" ! etc, and the tiresome and constantly
nxurring "quid plura" ! His translation gains much by this
restraint.

We see further traces of what I take to be a desire to avoid
tediousness in the omission of the long-winded and obviously
intercalated chapter "De septem artibus quas Rarolus depingi
fecit in palatio suo," namely, grammar, music, dialectic, rhetoric,
geometry, arithmetic, and astrology. This chapter is also missing
in the Frankfort text. The Irish also omits the short chapter on
St. Denys, which is Chapter XXX. in Castets edition and XXIX.
in the Frankfort text. The names of the seven bishops who con-
secrated the graveyards at Arles and Bordeaux are omitted with
the names of their sees, probably as being of small interest to
the Irish reader, and also, no doubt for the same reason, the
chapter and a half containing the names of those buried at Blaye
and Arles does not appear. The text in the Book of Lismore

1. Quae propriis oculis intuitas sum quatuordecim aunos perambulans

Hispaniam et Galeciam una cum eo [Carolo Magno] et exercitibus suis.

2. "in Sancti Dionysii cronica regali."

Preface. ix.

and the King's Inns Library text apparentlv with the same
intention — i.e., to make the story more concise and readable —
avoid all mention of chapters.'

There is no attenipt made — and this is to be regretted — to
turn anj^ of the occasional Latin verses into poetry.

THE IRISH MSS. THAT CONTAIN THE TEXT.

The Irish text is found in full in threc vellum MSS. all probably
of the fifteenth century, and in part in two other vellums of probably
a like date. The copy I have taken for the basis of this text is
that contained in the Book of Lismore {Lis.), compiled in the
latter half of the fifteenth century. Thc original being in the
possession of the Duke of Devonshire I have used a careful transcript
made by O'Longan, the transcriber for the Royal Irish Academy
of the Lebor na h-Uidhre, the Book of Leinster, etc. This copy
belonged to Lord Roden and is now in my possession ; it is written
liue for line and word for word from the original.^

The second MS. I have used is another íifteenth or sixteenth
century vellum (F.) in the library of the Franciscan Convent,
Merchants' Qaay, Dublin, to which the courtesy of the Librarian
allowed me access. This MS. contains forty-four pages in all. The
page is about ten inches b\' six and a-half, and it is written in
double colurnns. Our text tills sixteen pages. I deduce that it is
not as old as the Book of Lismore from the following circumstance.
In the Book of Lismore is contained a Hfe of St. Finnchua at the
end of which is this note, "The Friar O'Buagachain wrote this
life from the Book of Monasterboice."^ On louking ovcr the
Augustinian MS. I found that it also contains a life of St. Finnchua
with this colophon, "and he [Finnchua] wrote all in tlie book
of Monasterboice mic Bronuidh, so that the friar O Buadhachain

1. I have given the arrangement into chapters from the other three MSS.

2. There is another copy of the Book of lismore by O'Longau in the Royal
Irish Academy, I have not used it but my own copy. There is an occasional
variation of an accent or dot bctween them, b'it nothiug of any importance.
My íriend Mr. Best who transcribed a text írom O'Longan's Academy copy
afterwards comparing it with a photograph of the original MS. found the
copy to be ma,rvellousIy exact. 3. "In braithaiV O Buag(7fAain

roscnbh an beíAa so as Leabhar Maintstrerh Bttiti."

X. PREFACE.

wrote out of (?) that book of [Monaster]boice into his own short
Book, that is the Short Book of O Buadhchain."' Froni this
it would appear that while the Friar actual]y wrote this part of
the Book of Lismore, the Augustinian manuscript was only trans-
scribed from an earher book which had been written by the friar,
and consequently is likely to be of a latcr datc^

The third MS. I have used is Egerton, 1781 (E.), in the British
Museum, oí which Miss Hull most kindly transmitted to m.e a
rotifer photograph. It is a neat copy of a fifteenth (?) centurv
MS. and is complete.^

The fourth MS. I used (H.) was unfortunately imperfect.
It is in Trinitv College but is not separately mentioned in the
catalogue of the MSS., where it will be sought in vain. It will be
found however under the heading H.2. 12, the number in the catalogue
is 1304. This MS. contains the "Invencio ste crucis," and was
transcribed by Teig O Riordain in 1475.'* In the middle of the
long "invencio crucis," after the íirst ten folios, are four (not
two) loose vellum leaves to which Nettlau íirst called attention,
apparentty in the same handwriting, and these contain part of

í . Ocus ro sgrib [Finnchua] uile a lebar Mainistreach Buithe mic Bronuidh
gur sgrib in brathair h Ua Buadhachain isin lebur sin Buithi in a lebur gerr
íein i. lebur gerr I Buadhachaiw. 2. Unless indeod Stokes and O'Gradv are

mistaken in cahing O'Buagachain one of the scribes of the Book of Lecaii
(Lives of the Saints from the Book oí Lismore, p. vi.), as they would
te if the scribe were onlv stating that O'Buagachain wrote what he
was copying. 3. It was written niosth' by Diarmuid bacach Mac Finghin

mheic Pharrtholáin in M' Gaurans country in 1487, says 0'Grady, Gadehca,
vol. i., p. ix. 4. The colophon to the Invencio sanctae crucis runs thus,

"is seadh ba slan do losa ac scrihadh na sdaire so .1. núle hla.áhan (sic) ocus
cetri ced hliadhan, ocus .u. hWadhna décc ocus tri .xx. cosa sanais
so do cuaid tort ocus dia na sanaisi ocus aidhqi na hcisergi ar aenlith.
Tadg ua Rigbardain qui scnpsit," i.e. "at the writing of this history Jesus
had completed one thousand aud íour himdred years and íifteen and three
score, up to last Annunciation, and the day of the Annunciation and the
night oí the Resurrection are one festival: TeigO Riordan, who wrote [this] "
I íound another fragment on eight foUos in the same collection of pieces,
i.e. H.2 12. It is on Bible history and was written by the same Teig O'Riordan.
I am nearly sure the hand-writing is the same as in the Turpin fragment.
The pages are of the sanie size and seem to have once belonged to the same
book. The colophou runs "Tadg Uarigbardain qui scripsit ocus cach oen
leighfeas t3.hvadh bennacAt co paidir ior a anwaiw ocus isedh do bo slaw
don Tighearna an tan so mile bliadhan ocus cethri .c. ocus rethri bl. x. ocus
tri XX gus an sanais so cMgaiwd ocus an sanais ocus ind esergi ar oen lith
in bl. sin. This makes the date of the Biblical fragment, 14'74, and if the
Turpin fragment belongs to the same book its date is probably the same

Preface. xi.

our text, namely a portion of Chapter IV., and Chapters V. to
VIII. both inclusive, and Chapters X. to XV. both inclusive, and
part of Chapter XVI. These last two chapters however aie not
in all plac.es legible. The follovvdng foHo was cut awav by some
vandal leaving only some of the letters showing on the margin.
This MS. is in a fme bold script with each chapter beginning ^Adth
a capital letter in red, and contains a text that varies from the
other three much more then the other three do among themselves.
It is a pity that it is not entire.

The only other MS. which I know to contain a fragment of
the text is that marked No. 10 in the Ring's Inns Library,
Dubhn, to which my friend Mr. R. I. Best called my attention.'
It contains part of the cognate story of Fortibras in the íirst eight
folios, and the ninth folio begins the story of Charlemagne. It
is very interesting to find that it starts with a veision of Turpin's
epistle to Leoprandus which none of the other MSS. even alluded
to, and which the Welsh version also omits.^

THE D.\TE OF THE TRANSLATION.

It is difficult to date the Irish translation with an}^ exactitude.
I think it is older than would appear at first sight. The vellums
that contain the story are probably late fifteentli centurv MSS.
But the divergences in the text which thcy contain are so con-
siderable that they show that a long time must have elapsed and
very many copies been made from the original translation before
they were themselves written. The Trinitv Collcge MS. differs
far more from the Book of Lismore than either the Franciscan
MS. or Egerton, 1781 ; this latter is a conílate text, the writer

1. It is from it he edited the fragmerit of Eetba Patraic iu Anecdota írom
Irish MSS., vol. iii., p. 29. 2. I discovered this MS. too late to make use
of it iu compariug the text, but I have examined it in the appendix.
3. The Book of Lisrnore was, as we have seen, made in the latter half of the
íifteenth century. Stokes, who uses the Egerton MS. for his (iaelic Maunde-
viUe, says tbat part of it was written probably in BrefEny not later than
1482. Mr. Best dates the King's Inns MS., the part of it he worked
from, .c. 1500, but this is in different hand aud may be older. lí the
Triuity College loose folios are of the same date as the invencio crucis
amid whose leaves they are íound it must have been written about 1475.

xii. Prei<ace.

apparently piling up his adjectives and descriptive epithets without
any discrimination from two or more copies which may have
lain before him, and the Ring's Inns MS. differs in places from
all.

I thought at one time that two indcpendent translations had
been made from the Latin by different translators, and that the
divergences could be thus accounted for. But I soon abandoned
this supposition for the following reasons : (1) In Roland's
endeavours to explain the nature of the Trinity to Feracutus he
mentions that there are three things in the wheel of a cart, but
— though his argument requires it — he does not mention what
thev are. In the Latin the three things are given as the "medius"
(the old Franlcfort edition reads "modius"), "brachia et circulus,"
or as we would say nave, spokes and tyre (or fellies). The original
translator must have omitted these three things by accident after
mentioning the wheel, or else he translated from a Latin MS.
which had itsclf by accident ornitted them. But had there been
two independent translators from two Latin MSS. the words in
the Latin text would surely have survived in some of the Irish
MSS. (2) When Feracutus professes himself unable to under-
stand how Christ could have gone down into hell and afterwards
gone up into heavcn, Roland phes him v»dth the analogy of the
mill-wheel and others of the same sort, but all the Irish texts
omit the Latin "avis volans in aere quantum descendit tantum
ascendit." The original translator either omitted this by accidertt
or translated from a MS. that had omitted it, and this omibsion
is reproduced in all the Irish MSS. (3) In the battle which Turpin
calls the Battle of the Larvae or Masks, the striking fact that the
standard set upon the wagon around which the Saracens raUied
was a red ílag would never have been omitted in all our copies
had the original translator translated it. It is most unhkely that
two translators would have omitted it. Hence it is not unreason-
able to suppose that all our texts, at least our three full texts,
spring from one and the same translation. This translation was
made from the Latin and not from French or Enghsh, as is shown
by the use of the Latin obhque cases for the nominative, as

Preface. xiii.

"Tighearnas Nauorrorum ocus Basclorum," adjectives like "Cino-
manensis," "Compostilanensis," formslike"ri Cornubiae," etc, and
almost all the proper names retain their Latin forms. Indeed it
seems very curious that no atternpt to shorten them in accordance
wdth the genius of the Irish langiiage was made by the translator.
Occasionally he does not quite understand or give the sense of
the Latin, as when on page thirty he translates "portus Ciserios" by
"an sruth re n-abar Ciserios," though in other cases he uses the
Latin abbreviated to "port."' In modern Irish "port" is used
for the bank of a stream and he was probably led away by this.
Nor does he seem to grasp the meaning of "tradidisset" used in
the sense of "betray," for he translates it by "do thinnlaic
cuigi," p, 100, nor did he understand "pertica" in the sentence,
"perticis verberando perimuntur" which he translates "slain by
the weapons which are called pertica," p. 80, though when
the same word occurs in the sense of pole or fiag-staff he (perhaps
not understanding it) gives it an Trish turn and makes it
"peirsi," p. 66. LTpon the whole, however, he gave his contem-
poraries a good lucid satisfactory version of the Latin, and he
must have known something about Charlemagne, for he translates
Roland's uncle (avunculus), i.e. Charles, by "Roland'? mother's
brother," which is the true relationship.^

The deviations of the Irish texts from what I have tried to
show must have been a single original, point to a considerable
period having elapsed between the writing of that original and
their own transcription. I do not think that from seventy to a
hundred years can be too much to allow for such discrepancies.
As our MSS. appear to date from before 1500, the translation
may have been made aboat 1400. Modern Irish so far from
beginning with Reating, as many people suppose, reall}' goes back
for something like a couple of centuries before his time.

The influence of either French or early Enghsh is seen in
the form Serlus for Carolus, and we find side by side and
on the same page such forms as Cicerei and Siserei, p. 78,

1. Port — "défilé dans les montagnes, et par extension les montagnes elies

memes." It also means a harbour. 2. Not Iike the Fierebras story

which speaks oí "Rolandus mac mic do Serlus Mhór" !

-xiv. Preface.

Runcia and Runsie. wliich shows that the translator was accustomed
to pronounce C as S in certain foreign and non-Irish words. Did
he get this habit from people who spoke French or from people
who spoke Fnglish .'■ I cannot point out any certain French
influence, but the form San Seni or Sin Sem is clearlv due to
Enghsh,' and once we find in one MS. the form Seumas.

An interesting side hght on the translator's time is found in
his rendering of "omnes servi qui sub malis consuetudinibus
pravorum dominorum rehgati tenebantur"^ by "every person
who was under 'biadhUichas' and under slavery," p. 28, i.e. every
person who held under that tenure. By "biadhtachas" I under-
stand the obhgation which manv of íhe clansmen were under
to supply food to or support and entertain their overlord with a
certain number of his followers for so many days in the year,
when it pleased the overlord to quarter himselí upon them. This
form of tenancy which the Fnghsh used to denounce under the
name of "coyne and Uvery" must have been obnoxious to the
translator's circle or contemporaries, otherwise he would hardly
have so translated.

Our text contains many military terms, and it is remark-
able that they are all purely Irish and not borrowed from the
Normans.3

I have always silently extended S. and Rol. to Serlas and
Rolandus. The genitive of the latter is written once in full in

1. San may be French. We íind in the Fierebras story the form "Sin Dinis"
for Saint Denis. But Sém must be the English James. 2. "All slaves

who vvere held bound under the evil customs of bad masters." 3. As for
example the following : Osadh a truce, ag coimét a ndeiridh guarding íheir
rear, suidhe timchioll cathrach to besiege a city, do thinnlaic an chathair
he surrendered the city, an chathair do chonnmhail to hold the citv, cathair
do ghabhail to take a city, múr doclaite an im pregnable rampart, Íáthair au
chatha the battlefield, bhi da chois fie ivas on foot, fogair cath do [also "ar"]
to challenge to baítle, tosach the battle front, "acies," cloidhmedh to piit to the
sivord, dibhracadh soiget shooting arrows, foslongport a camp, torann a
charge (?) bratach G. brataighi a standard, corughadh catha [or simplv cor-
ughadh] a divisioti of an army, madhmaigh byeak through, rout, tucadax ucht
ar a cheli they faced one another, do innsaigh he he attacked him, claiteoir
a victor, do tliiuoil a shluagh he assembled his army, suaichentas ensign. do
lcith a ndroma in their rear, do dhoirt 'ua cenn he burst upon them, sáidh
pubull pitch a tent, do dhluthaigh (?) chuige he closed with him, misider a
herald or emissary. It will be observed how very pure this language is,
and that not one of these terms except the last is borrov/ed from a foreigu

speech.

PREFACE. XV.

the Book of Lismore, 'Rolanduis/ and following this example I
have niade the us of all proper names end in uis in the genitive
except where they wcre written fuU and ended in us in the MSS.
The word for "arid" is not once written in full in the MSS. I
have extended it to "ocus," but perhaps this gives the text a
more antique appearance than it should bear.

I have allowed the place-names to stand for the most part
as in the Irish, though this sometimes means giving Latin obhque
cases for nominatives, as though one were to translate abhainn na
Bóinne by thc river "Boinne" in EngUsh. These place narnes
have undergone the wildest variations: witness Runti UaUis or
RutinaUs or Gleann Runsia or Remencia or glenn re n-abar Runcia
or Ruinsia, for RoncesvaUes, Uehyn for the Rhine (p. 107),
the land of the Castles for Castile, etc.

Of the three fuU copies at my disposal the copy in the Book
of Lismore was made by the most Uterate, and the Egerton copy
by the most iUiterate of the scribes. It is amusing to fmd the
Mac in Macometus (Mahomet) and Macabeus treated once or twice
as the Irish mac, and the genitive made Micametus and Mic Abeus.
The Egerton scribe makes Jonathan weep over Absolom (p. 96),
and writes Ogh ri Barsa for the Lismore Hoc ri Basan.

Various other points conceming the text and its contents I
have discussed in the appendix.

T)tit)5lAS "oe h-íT)e.

1. We meet even iii English also very various íorms ot this name, Roucesvaiies
(tiie Spanish íorm), Ronceval Roncevaux, etc.

jAbAlcAS senlms ttióm.

THE CONQUESTS OF
CHARLEMAGNE.

SAbÁlcAS seRltiis rhóm.

Capitulum primum .1. ar ndul d'esbuluibh ocus do deiscipluibh
Crist a rannuibh in domuin, mar innister, do chuaid in t-esb«í
glormhar' .i. San Sew ar tus isin GaiHnnsi ocus do rindi senmora
innti. Ocus ar na chur cum baiss ag Iruat iarsin do ghoideadar
a dheiscibííí/ fein a chorp isin oighthi, ocus do chuiretar a luing
he. Ocus do treovaiged iat ó'n aingel chum na Gaihnnsi ocus do
shiladwf hrisithra Dé ar a fot. Ocus na dhiaigh sin do chuiretar
lucht na Gsiilinnsi an creidiuiM coir ar cul. Ocus do batar a.na.ghaidk
in chreidmhe cu haimsir Sherluis mhoir. Ocus iar bhfhaghail
shaethair moir dow tSerlws so a tiribh''^ imdha in domhain do
ghabh moran dibh. Ocus asiat so iat,^ .i. Saxa ocus in Fhra.ingc
ocus in Almain ocus in Baigine^ ocus Lochlaw"* ocus in Burgui«^
ocus an Etaille ocus in Bntaine ocus moran do thirthaibh^ eh nach
a.inmnighthear annso^ gu n-imat ca.thrach o muir cu muir, ar na
ndiw' o íiirtacht Dé mailH re láimh laidir do-claithi aigi fein do
shaer iat o lamhuibh na Seirxistineach ocus do chuir fa chui«g na
Crisdaighi iat. Ocus fuair se in meit sin do shaethar^ ar cur a
allais a.mach, innus gur theilg se^ beith a cumsanad gan ca.thughadk
do dhénamh as sin suas. Ocus a ceííoir na dhiaigh sin do cho;maic
se shghi retlaiwne'" isin firmamÍMt ac tiwnscaiwt o mhuir Fnsie ocus
ac dul idir in Almaiw ocus in Etailh ocus idir in Fraingc ocus in

1. Co ndechaidh in timpir glordha E. 2. Culaib E. & F. 3. a n-

anmanna E. 4. ím Bagine loclannda E. 5. riechtaib F. nghcchlaibh
ocus do fí.aiíheinnasaibh ele E. 6. o hoin amach F. & E. 7. Ar na

dm o foirig'Athin Dia E. & F. 8. E adds "ocus do doccumul," and reads
"gM»' cAuír." 9. cur smuain .se heith na comnatdAe co sadhail gan, etc. E.

10. reltainne F.

The Conquests of Charlemagne

[FroiJi the BOOK OF LlSMORE AND OTHER VELLUM MSS.]

FIRST CHAPTER.

When the apostles and disciples of Christ had gone into the various
divisions of the word, as we-are-told, the glorious apostle Saint
James went íirst into Gahcia and preached* sermons in it. And
when, after that. he was put to death by Herod his own disciples
stole his body in the night and placed it on board a ship. And
they were guided by the angel to Galicia and they sowed the words
of God throughout it. But,''after that, the people of Gahcia drove
out the true faith. And they were against the faith until the
time of Charles the Great. And after this [King] Charles had
endured'' much labour in many countries of the world, he took
many of them. Here they are : Saxon^*^ and France and Germany
and the Baigine [Bavaria ?] and Denmark and Burgundy and Italy
and Bretagne and many other countries that are not named here with
many cities from sea to sea,^ [and] being protected by the help of
God together with a strong insuperable hand of his own he saved
them from the hands of the Saracens and placed them under the
yoke of the Christians. And he endured all that labour in the
sweat of his brow' so that he renounced [?] a Hfe of rest [a life
passed] without fighting, from that out.

And soon after that he beheld the path of a star in the firma-
ment, beginning from the sea of Frisia and passing exactly between
Germany and Italy and between France and Gasconv, and between

* Lit. "made." ^ Lit. "and." "= Lit. "íound." ^ Angliara scilicet

Galliam Theutonicam Baioariam Lothoringiam Burgundiam Italiam
Britanniam ceterasque regiones. ^ I translate as ií "ar n-a dhín,"

Latin : "divinis subsidiis munitus." ^ Lit. "Putting out his sweat,"

but the Latin is difíerent :
ami

divmis subsinns munitus. ' l^tt. ruttmg out ms sweat,

Latin is difíerent: "Gravi labore ac tanto sudore fatigatus ne
ipHus bellum iniret & ut requiem sibi daret proposuit," Fr.,

4 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Gascinne^ co direach ocus idir an nGascuin ocus Nauarra ocus in
SpaÍ7í co sin nGailinnsi''^ mar a raibi corp San Sem cu foluigth^ac^^
in uair sin. Ocus do cidh S^rlus in tshghi remhraitti sin gach
n-oighthi ocus do smuain co meinic cret fa ciall don ní_sin. Ocus
ar mbeith ar na smuai«tightibh sin do/ do faiUsighedh do a
cumsan«d na hoighthi macam in oglaigh co ngnuis ndeallríiíthig
aga rádh ris "A mheic^ cret do ní." ? Do freguir Serlus hé ocus
adubhairt :'' "A thigearna. cia thu." ? "As misi," ar sé "Semus
Esbal, dalta Cvist mac Sebedeus' brathair Eoin suihhsgéal do
chuir mu thighearna. do shenmoir maille na gmsaibh mora dowa
popluib ocus is me do mharbh Iruath do chlaidiumh ocus asé
mu corp ata a cuwsanad isiw Ghaihnnsi** fo dhaeirsi ag na Seiris-
dinibh. Ocus is ingnad hm cu mor nar saerais-si mo thir o nert
na SeÍTTÍsdineach ocus gur ghabuis moran do cathrachaíft/í ocus do
thirthí7?7>A ele, ocus^ foillsrg'/M'm-si duit mar tuc Dia nert ocus
cumachtSL duit os cinn righ in tahuan. Is mar sin do thagh sé
thu idir in uih dhui«e do thsíhhairt coróine^'marthanaighi duit,
innus cu soertha mu thír-si ocus mu thalamh o lamhaib na n-ain-
Cr/s/aidhi, Ocus in tshghi ad c/io«ncais isin aier as comiirtha.
sin cu ragha-sa" maiUe re shiaghaih móra do cha.thughadh ris na
cineadhuihh padhanda ocus do sha.eTadh mu thíre ocus mo thalman
ocus d'íisrughadh an inaidh ar cuÍTeadh mu chorp ó imeal na cnchi
so gusin nGaihnnsi, ocus ticedh'^ ad diaig an uih phohal chum
oihtn' o muir cu muir, isin inad sin d'fhaghail loga/í/'^an a phecadh
o Dhia ocus ag innisin admolta in tighcrtma ocus na suhaiche^'* ocus
na mÍThiiiledh do rinne se o aimsir do betha-sa cu deredh in domain.
Ocus ar an adhbhar sin mar as luaithi fhétfas tussa ceimnig'-^
mar adubhart-sa. Or biat-sa am fhurtac/í/aigh agat in gach uile
inadh. Ocus ar son do shaethar ocus do ghuasachta'^ gnoaighfet-
sa'' coroin a fiaithimhnuis neamhdha om thighca>'na duit, ocus
biaidh h-ai«m molta gws in lá deighenac/í." Ocus mar sin do'*
San Sem, ar na íhoiWsiughad iein tri huairi'^ do Sherlus.

1. giaine F. & E. 2. F. omits last twelvc words. 3. a folach F

4. ar na faicsin do co minic F. 5. E. omits "a mheic." G. E reads.
evidently wrongly, "do fregair in tigheama. he ocus adubhairt ris ce thu
few." 7. sipidei E. sabedeus F. 8. E. adds "noch ata fos," F. merely

"fos." 9. E. adds "ar a son sin." 10. na coroine, E. 11. Co

racair-se F. & E. 12. tiucfaid F. 13. loghaidh F. 14. subalta F. & E.
15. ceimnidh F. & E. 16. The last three words and the íirst "ocus"
inserted from E. 17. gnoideochadsa F. & E. 18. F. omits the "do."
19. cuarta F. & E. The "fein" I insert froni E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 5

Gascony and Navarre and Spain, on to Galicia,^ where the body
of Saint James was hidden at that time. And Charles beholds
that above-mentioned path [of the star] every night, and he often
pondered as to what was the meaning of that thing. And as he
was having these thoughts there was revealed to him in the peace-
fulness of the night a youthful warrior'' with a shining countenance
who said to him, "My son. what doest thou" ? Charles answered
him and said, "Lord, who art thou" ? "I," said he "am James
the apostle, pupil" of Christ, son of Zebedee, brother of John
the Evangehst, whom my Lord sent to preach with great grace
to the various peoples ; and it is I whom Herod killed with a
sword, and it is my bod}^ that is resting in Gahcia in bondage at
the hands of the Saracens. And I wonder greatly that thou hast
not dehvered my country from the power of the Saracens, seeing'*
that thou hast taken many other cities and countries, and I reveal
to thee how God hath given strength and power to thee above
the kings of the earth. Even so has He chosen thee above all
other-men to give thee an everlasting crown, so that thou mightest
save my country and my land from the hands of the unbelievers.®
And the path which thou sawest in the air, that is a sign that thou
shalt go with great hosts to fight with the Pagan peoples and to
save my country and my land, and to visit the place where my
body was buried, from the border of this country to Galicia ;
and let every people come after thee on pilgrimage from sea to
sea, to that place, to get remission of their sin from God, and to
tell the praises of the Lord and the virtues and the miracles which
He performed [and shall perform] from the period of thine own
life to the end of the world. And for that cause as speedily as ever
thou shalt be able, proceed as I have said. For I shall be a helper
to thee in every place. And on account of thy labours and thy
peril I shall win thee a crown from my Lord in the heavenly
kingdom, and thy name shall be praised till the last day," Thus
far Saint James ; having revealed himself three times to Charles.

* "a mari Frisiae et tendentem inter Theutonicam et Ytaliam inter
Galliam et Aquitoniam, rectissime transeuntem per Gasconiam Basclamque
et Navarram et Hispaniam usque ad Galeciam." '' "heros quidem."

« "Alu[m]pnus." ^ Lit. "and." " Literally "unchristians," Latin

Moabitarum.

6 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Ar n-eisteclít^ bnatJiar an eshail do 'n impir airmhech soin
do chuir sloigh mora ar aein-shlighidh ocus do chuaidh isin Spáin
do dhibirt na Paganach.

AN DARA SGEL ANN SO. [F.]

CAPITULUM SECUNDUM.-'

In ched chathair cum a ndechaidh Serlus da gabhail .i.
Pampilonia ; ocus ase fedh do bhi na timchill tri mi ocus nír fhét
a ga.bhdil or do ha.tar múir do-claiti na timcheall. Is ann sin do
rinne Serlus urnaigthi chum a dhia féin, ocus a duhhairt "A
tighearna. a losa^ Crt's^, o's ar son do c/í^'eidim thanag is na
cnchí'M so do clai in chinidh Padha^ita, tabhair do chumhachta
dam-sa do clai na cathrach so, gu mba mo]ad ocus anoir dot
hainm^ hé." Ocus a.duhhairt aris, "a San Sem ma's fhir gur
fhoiUsighis tu fein dam ta.hhair nert ocus cumhachta dhamh do
gha.hhail na cathracA so." Ocus tainic do thoil Dé ocus do ghuigi^
San Sem cor thuitset muir na cathrach co huili. Ocus na
Serrisdínigh do bi san cathair ler ail baisdííí^ do gha.hhail cuca
do baisd^rf^ iat, ocus in drong leis nar ail, do urail Serlus a
ndichenMrtí//?.

Ar cloisdin na mirhaili sin do umlaigetar' na Seirrisíinigh
iat fein do Serlus da gach taebh, ocus do b^j'rtis tabhartais^
imdha do, innus gur chuir sé in ta.lamh sin uili fo chis do fein.
Ocus mar do conncatar an ciweadh Padhanda pohal na Gailmwsí
ar na n-eitiudh co maith ocus aighthi^ sochraide acu, on
cla.ech\adh rechta sin, is anorach sidhcanda do ghabhdais cuca iat,
ocus do leiceadar a ci«[«] da^° n-armaibh. Ocus na dhiaigh sin
do cuaidh Serlus cu Patrowa*' d'úsrugadh adlaicti San Sem, ocus

1. ar na cloisíin sin do Shearlus .i. espaloit do gelladh do E. F. turns the
sentence differentlj' but also has "o do gheall«íi an esbaloid do." 2. "in

2 sgel" E. 3. aysa F., aisa E. 4. do Dia F. dot ainm ocus dod
miorhuilibh e E. 5 d'urnaig^Mi San Sem ocus do guidhi Serluis E.,

F. omits. 6. baistig F. 7. tucatar iad ien E. 8. Taisi imdha do
legaibh loghmara ocus do rogha gacha seda. mbuadha arcena E.
9. aithche E. 10. E. also reads "ciw" F. is in this passage too faint to
be sure of the reading. 11. Patron E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 7

As soon as that renowned eraperor had harkened to the words
oí the apostle, he coUected together great armies,* and went into
Spain to banish the Pagans.

SECOND CHAPTER."

The first city which Charles went to take was Pampilonia." And
the length of time that he encamped'* round about it was three
months, and he could not take it íor there were impregnable
ramparts round it. Thereupon Charles made prayer to his own
God and said, "O Lord Jesas Christ since it is for the sake of thy
rehgion that I have come into these parts to overthrow tlie Pagan
race, grant me thy power to overthrow this citv so that it may
l3e praise and honour to thy name." And again he said, "O
Saint James, if it is true that thou didst reveal thyself to me,
grant me strength and power to take this city." And it came to
pass by the will of God and the prayer of Saint James, that the
walls of the city fell utterly.° And the Saracens who were in the
city who were wiUing to accept baptism were baptized, and those
who were not willing,. Charles ordered them to be beheaded.

On hearing of that miracle the Saracens submitted them-
selves to Charles upon every side and they used to bring him
many gifts, so that he placed all that land under tribute to himself .
And as soon as the Pagan tribes saw the people of Galicia well
clad and with joyous faces/ from that change of law,® they used
to accept them [the Christians] honourably and peaceably and then
put off the heads [?] of their weapons.'' And after that Charles went
to Patrona' to visit the burial-place of Saint James, and he thrust

* coadunatis sibi exercitibus multis. The Irish is hterally "put on one
road," a common idiom in these texts. ^ Literally Story. Lismore MS.

makes no division of the text into chapters. " i.e., Pampeluna.

** Lit. "was." Latin sedit. « "funditus corruerunt." ' bene indutam et

facie elegantem. e "Recht" is frequently used for "rehgion" as well as

"law." ^ armis etiam rejectis. ' "ad petronum," which Gaston Paris

explains thus "Petronum vero 'llam petram vocabant cui ratis allegata
fuerat quae Sancti Jacobi corpus Iriam adve.xerat, et ab hac voce sumpsit
Iria Flavia nomen novum El Pedron, quod nunc paulo mutatum El Padron

sonat." De Pseudo Turpino.

8 GABHALTAS SERLUIS iMHOIR.

do shaidh a shleagh isin muir ocus ruc a buidi re Dia ocus re San
Sem a dhul cowuigi sin,' or nir fliet dul ann co sin. Ocus pob«/
na Gaihnnsi do impo cum an c^eidimh padanta a ndiaigh shenmóra
San Sem ocus a deisciba/, ler ail'- impod-' chuw creidimh, do
ghabhadar haisdedh cuca do laimh airdesbídc Roim .i. Turpinus ;
ocus in drong leis nar ail,''^ do urail Serlus a c\a.idhmedh*

Tainic Serlus na dhiaigh sin ar fud na Spaine co huilidhe.

AN TREAS SGEL ANN SO [F.]-'
Cuid d'anmawnaibh na ca.thrach do ghabh Serlus isin Spain
leicim thoram iat ar deacracht na n-anmann mbarbardha do radh.
Do ghabh se dfong dona cathrachaibh sin gan ca.thughadh ocus
dro[ng] eU maiUe ca.thughadh. Do bhi c.a.thair isin ccnch sin dar
■dinm Lucí^na isin gleann uaiwe'' ocus nir eidir leis a gahhail no gu
tainic fo deredh ocus do shuid 'na buw ocus do bhi gu cenn cethra
mís na timcheall. Ocus o nar fhet a ga.hhail maill^ ca.thughadh do
riwdi se mnaighthi dhichra co Dia ocus co San Sem ocus do
thoiteadrt^ muir na cathrí?c/i uatha fein, ocas ata si 'na fasach o
sin anuas, ata snith' ar a lar a mbi^ moran d'iasgflib dwba.

Moran do na ca.thrackaibh so dc ghabh Serlus Mor do ghabh-
adar righa*^ ele don Fraingc ocus impzredha^ don Almain iat roim
Serlus ocus do impoj'deadar aris cum na h-irse Fa.danta. Asiat so
na righa^ Cristaighi don Frainc do ghabh cuid'*^ don Sbrtm ar tus
.i. Clodonius ocus Clotarius'' ocus Pipinus ocus Serlus ocus
Marsellus^''^ ocus Serlus Mael ocus Lobais. Gidheadh cena do chuir

1. ruc conuigi sin e E. 2. b'ail F. & E. 3. impog F. 4. clo'dmed F.
a ndichcMMadh. 5. "in 3 scel do cogadh na Spaine" E. 6. iUegible in F.
7. gne srotha F. & E. 8. in a faghtar E. fadthar F. 9. righthi — ■

impiVighE. 10. inSpáinE. 11. Clotonidjísocus Clotoridj^s E, Cloton
ocus Clotorius (?) F. 12. Marsealws ocus Pipinus E

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 9

his spear into the sea and gave thanks to God and to Saint James
tha. he had gone so far, íor he had been unable to go there until
then.^ And the peopie of GaHcia who had turned to the Pagan
faith after the preaching of Saint James and his disciples and
were wilhng [now] to turn to the [Christian] faith, they received
baptism at the hand of the Archbishop of Rheims, Turpin, and
those who were not wilhng, Charles ordered them to be put to
the sword.

Charles passed through the whole of Spain after that.

THIRD CHAPTER.'^

SoME of the names of the cities which Charles took in Spain we
pass by on account of the difficulty of pronouncing the barbarous
names. He took some of those cities without tighting and some
of them by fighting. There was a city in that land whose name
was Lucerna in the Green Valle^," and he could not take it until
he came at last and encamped round about it and he was round
about it tiU the end of four months. And since he could not take
it with fighting he made earnest prayers to God and to Saint James,
and the walls of the city fell of their own accord, and it has been
a wilderness ever since. There is a stream running through its
midst in the which there are many black fish.

Many of these cities which Charles the Great took, other
kings of France and emperors of Germany had taken them before
Charles, but they turned again to the Pagan faith. These are the
Christian kings of France who first took part o( Spain, Clodonius''
and Clotarius and Pipinus and Charles and Marcellus and Charles

* dicens quia in antea ire non poterat. In the language of the Pseudo
Turpin "in antea" seems always to mean "before, previously." But Fr.
reads "qui tamen antea ire non poterat." '' The Frankfurt edition ha.s

not got the chapter which is Castel's third chapter, "de nominibus civitatum
Hispaniae." The Irish leaves out over one hundred names but gives the
last quarter or so of the chapter. * "in valle viridi." <* "Clodoveus

namque primus rex Francorum christianus, Clotarius, Dagobertus, Pipinus,
Karolus Martellus, Karolus Calvus, Lodovicus et Karolomagnus, partim
Hispaniam acquisiverunt, partim dimiserunt." C.

10 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

in Serlus mor so in Sbíím co himldn fo chuiwg na Crislaigi.

Ac so na cathrac/ía do mha.Uaigh^ Serlus ar a mhéd do saethar
ocus do guasacM fuair aga nga.bhail, [agus do eascain San Sera
iad E.] ocus ar son na h-eascaine sin atait o shoin gan SLÍtmghadh
Á. Lucerna ocus Uentosa ocus Taparra ocus x-Vdama.

AN .IIII. SGEL ANN SO. [F.l^

Ocus na dhiaigh sin do chuaidh Serlus ar íud na Spainne
ocus na dee bodhra balbha ocus na hidba^'ta diahlaidhi d'a
n-adhraitis na 'Pada.naigh do sc/'is iat co hnilidhi acht amhain
in dee dar ainm Macametus do bhi a iaXmhain Auladaluph^ re
n-abí?rthai Salarcadis.* As inann^ Cadis re radh isin ien^aid Araipig
ocus deos tre Laidi«.^ Ocus aithrisid na Seirvisdínigh in tan do
bhi in Macametus so na hethaid co nderna. se obair ro-dhai«gen
do fein a n-imeal na mara maillg diablaideacht ro-mhoir, ocus
ad^niit cu roibhe in meit sin do nirt isin Dee sin indus nar bh'eidiV
le nech san doman a hriseadh na didháil do dhenamh di.'^ Ocus
in uair do thicedh Crisdaighi a comhfhoczis^ do, ni ro imthigh^íí/í ^
se gan bas no gan guasacht mhor d'íág^aiV on dee sin. Ocus in
tíin do thicedh Seirnsdíneach da adhrad no da guighi do
imthighedh'" imshlííw uadha. Ocus in tan do toirrlengad" en ar
an ndee sin do gheibhedh bás a céadoir. Ocus is amlaidh ata in
dee sin a n-iweal in mara ar na oibhugad cu ro-maith d'obair
phaga/zda, ar na shuidhiugaí^/í ar an taXmhain. Ocus as amhlaidh
atá sí \ethan cetharuilleach this, ocus cumang*''^ ro-árd thuas innas
co mad dfcacair d'fhiach no^" d'en arrachta ele dul a comh-ard ria
a n-aer. Ocus ata imaighi'^ in dee sin ar na denam dh'or roghlan,
ocus si'^ ar na suidhiugrtí//i a n-uachtar na hoibre sin, a bhfighair
dhuine, ocus si'^ na sesamh ar a cosaibh co direach, ocus a h-aghaidh

1. do marb F. & E. 2. ín -1 sgel do cogadh na Spaíwe, don Dee rc n-abar
MacametM.s E. F. also has the last five words. 3. Auladalap E. F. omits.
4. Salanw cadiss E. & F. 5. Thus E. and F. Lismore text has "ocus

arrian." 6. ocus dia tre Gaedhailg E. 7. E. and F. omit last five words
8. comgairi F & E. 9. ternaighedh E. 10. imidhi F. imgidh E

11 thus E F. omits íourteen words here. Lts. has "turadh" with a
.stroke over the r. 12. co cumang E. & F 13. naden E. 14 5'maigh F.

iwaigh na dee iin E. 15. hi E. & F.

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 11

the Bald and Lobais. However this Charles the Great put Spain
in its entiretv under the yoke of the Christians.

Here are the cities which Charles cursed on account of the
amount of labour and of peril he endured'' in the taking of them
[and St. James cursed them] ; and on account of that malediction
they are ever since uninhabited, namely Lucerna" and Ventosa
and Taparra and Adama.

FOURTH CHAPTER.

And after that Charles went throughout Spain, and the deaf and
dumb Gods and the devihsh offerings which the Pagans used to
adore, he destroyed them utterly except only the god whose
name was Macametus [i.e. Mahomet] which was in the land of
Guadaloupe'' which used to be called Salacadis. Cadis in the
Arabian tongue is the same as to say Deos in Latin. And
the Saracens relate that when this Macametus was alive he made
a very firm structure for himselt on the brink of the sea, by
very great deviltry, and they say that there was so much strength
in that god that nobody in the world could break it or do it harm.
And whensoever a Christian used to come near him he might not
escape without death or without enduring great peril from that
god. And whenever a Saracen used to come to worship him
or to pray to him, he used to go safe and sound from him. And
whenever a bird would descend on that god it used to die instantly.
And this is how that god is, on the border of the sea, wrought
exceeding well of Pagan workmanship, [and] set upon the ground.
And this is the way of it, broad and four-square below, and narrow
and very high overhead, so that it would be diíhcult for a raven
or other powerful bird to go so high as it in the air. And the
image of that god is made of very pure gold and the image is set
upon the top of the structure, in the figure of a man, and is stand-
ing straight upon its feet, and its face towards the mid day, and

a

Lii. "íound." •> "Lucerna ventosa, Cappara, Adamia," C, but Ventosa

is probably a separate town as the Trish makes it, not an adjective. " "in

terra Alandaluf quod vocatur Salam Cadis. Cadis dicitur locus proprie in quo

est ; Salam in hnqua Arabica Deus dicitur. C. Cadis dicitur proprie locus in

quo est Isalam, in hngua arabica Deus dicitur. Fr.

12 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ar in medon lai,' ocus eocair aice aga connmail na laimh dheis,
agus ase adba;' na h-eocrach sin do réir na Seir risdineach, an uair
do thuitfedh an eochair sin cu ticfadh rí dona Frangccachaift^ do
gebliudh in Spain co h-imlan an bUadam sin, ocus. do cuirfedh
hi fo chuing ocus fo iris na Cristaighi. Ocus mar aireochait'^ na
Seirrisdinigh in eochair sin do thuitim al-laim in dee sin, teithftt
ocus facb«;7 an tír.

Ocus ar gclai na Seirrisdineach do S/zerlus ocus ar cur na
Spaine fa chuiwg' na Cristaighi do thidhlaicedar righa ocus
prinnsadha^ na Sháine or ocus aircet cu do-airmhe dhó. Ocus do
bhi se tri bhadhna 'na chomhxxaidhe isin Sháin, ocus do rinne se
tempall ro-anoracA les in or sin, ocus leis in n-aircet, a n-anoir
San Sem, ocus ase ord do chuir se isin tempa/Z sin ord cananach
do reir uird ocus riagla^ esbuig naemtha .i. Isidurjís, ocus do
rrúieáaigh se hi cu mor do clochaib^ ocus do leabhraibh^ ocus do
bí'atuibh, maiUe moran do neithibh áeadh-rrúidXseachTi ele, nach
uri/sa d'airimh.''

Ocus a haithli na h-oibri-sin do c\ir\chn\xghadh do Sherlus,
in fuigheall' do bhi aigi don innmh^s do-airmhe fuair o na
Seirrisdineachaibh do chumdajo'/i se imat reilg^ leis, ocus as iat so
a n-anmanna^ .i. Tempall Anacis Granis a n-awoir Muire Bain-
tighearna,'*'ocus tempall a n-anoir San Seni isin cathair re n-abar
Uitmnis Sensiuw" ocus tempall eile do San Seni isin cathair re
n-abíír Tolusuw''^ ocus eclas San Sem isin cathair ren-abrtr Pairis
ata idir an inadh re n-abar Secanum ocus sliabh na Ma.irtireach ;
ocus SiiháhineachtR do-airmhe do rinni se ar fud in áomhain o sin

amach.

Ar n-impodh^^ do Sherlus isin Fhraingc do chuaidh ri Padhanda
Athfrrticeach dar ai«m AgiolandzíS mailli re sluaghaibh do-airmhe
annsa Sháin tar eis''' Serluis moir ocus do ghabh i co himlá;i ar

I. ar in grein a medhon lae F. & E. 2. cidfid E. 3. righthi na Spaine E.
4. uird riagulta F. uTÍaghla E. 5. leagaife/i E. clogaib ocus do legaib F.
6. d'innisin F. & E. 7. fuighill F. cS: É. 8. eglasa. imdha E. egalsa
imda F. 9. anmanna E. & F. anmunaibh 7-/s. 10. F. omits this word.

II. Bute»' nicencium F. puti»' insensium E. 12. Talosum E, Tolosum F.

ii5. ninntogh F. & E. 14. deis E. & F

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 13

a key held bv it in its right hand, and the cause of that key [is
this], according to the Saracens, [who say that] whenever that
key should fall, theie would come a king of the Franks who would
take Spain completely in that year, and place it under the yoke
and the faith of the Christians. And whenever the Saracens
shall hear that that key has fallen from the hand of that god they
wiU fly and leave the coimtry.

And* on Charles's overcoming the Saracens and placing
Spain under the yoke of the Christians, the kings and princes of
Spain gave him innumerable presents of gold and silver. And he
was abiding in Spain for three years, and he built a very noble"
temple with that gold and silver in honour of St. James. And
the Order which he placed in that temple was the Order of Canons
according to the Order and Rule of the holy bishop Isidore, and
he increased it greatly with [precious] stones and boo^s'' and
vestments, together with many other fair things not easy to

enumerate.

And after Charles íinishing that work, the remainder that he
had of the innumerable treasures which he got from the Saracens,
he built many churches** with it, and here are their names, the
Church of Anacis Granis [t.e. Aix-la-chapelle°] in the honour of
Mary [our] lady, and a church in honour of Saint James in the
citv which is called Uiterinis Sensium, and another church to
Saint James in the city which is called Tolusum' [Toulouse],
and a church of Saint James in a city wliich is called Paris which
is between the place which is called Secanum and the Martyrs
Mount.^ And abbotships innumerable did he make throughout
the world from that out.

And,'' on Charles returning into France, an African Pagan
king whose name was Agiolandus' went with innumerable hosts
into Spain after Charles the Great, and took it completely, having

* The 5th chapter begins here in the Latin texts. ^' Lit. "honourablc."

•^ The Franciscan text reads "bells and gems." The Latin has "eamque
tintinnabuhs palliisque hbris ceterisque ornamentis decenter ornavit."
'' In this text "roilig" sometimes translates "ecclesia." ^ "quae est

apud Aquisgranum." ^ "ecclesiam Sancti Jacobi quae est apud urbem

Buerrensium apud Tolosam, C. Fy. omits "urbem Buerrensium. ^ Apud

urbem Parisios enter Sequanam fiuvium et montem Martyrum, i.e. the Seine
and Montmartre ? '' The 6th chapter in both the Latin texts begins here,

' "Aigolandus" in the Latin texts.

14 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

n-innarbí7í//í ocus ar ma.rhadh na Cvistaighi do na ca.thTachaibh
ocus do na f^arannuibh ar íhacoib Serlus iat aga coimet.' Ocus
ar na cloisdin sin do Sherlus do impa'"^ tar ais isin Sbain aris maiU^
na shhcagh fein,^ ocus do rinne comnaidhi isin chathair re n-abar
Bagionuw.'* Ocus do gaWraigheadh ridiri uasal do mhuintir
Sherluis dar ainm Romaruic^ís.'' Ocus a n-aimsir a bhais do
ghabh se íaisidin ocus a.ithreachas ocus corp Crist. Ocus a-
dubhflíVt re brathair do bhi 'na fhochair a each do reic ocus a
luach^ do thabhairt do cleirchibh ocus do bochtaibh do raith' a
anma. Ocus ar tesdadh^ áon ridiri sin do ghabh sainnt brathair
an ridiri ocus do rec^ an t-each ar cei scilh'w do fein ocus do chaith
sin re biadh ocus re digh ocus re h-edach. Ocus is gar dona. droch-
ghnimhuibh'*' digliultas De^' co rainic. A cinn deich la fichet na
dhiaigh sin don nech sin do rec an t-ech do foillsigeíí dó in ridiri
thra aghuidh'2 ann, ocus ised adubhairt ris "tre mar twcus-sa mh'
airneis duit da tabhflíVt mar déirc d'fuascalarf^ mh'anma, bidh'^
a fhis agat gur mhaith Dia mo phecadh dhamh-sa, ocus o dho
chonnmhais-si co hecoir mu dheirc acud, tuic gur chonnmhuis
mhisi XXX la a pein, ocus bidh a íhis a.gat ar a shon sin cu racair
fein amarach a n ithfr^n ocus co rac''*-sa a Parthws. Ocus do
imthig in nech marbh a haithh in comraidh sin ocus do ghabh
egla mor in nech beo ocus nir coduil'^ gu tainic in la ocus do indis
se sin ar na mharach. Ocus ar rochtuin in sceoil sin fo ria sluaghaib
do chualatflr gotha adhuachmara isin aier os a cinn mar ghothaibh
leoman )io mactire no ainmilted mbruidighi'^ele. Ocus nir chian
na dhiaigh sin gur thogbhatar na diabaí7 in nech slan beo sin
al-Iar na sluagh amach ann san fhirmamint suas. Ocus o do
conncatar na s\uaigh sin do chnir edar coisighe ocus maxcshiagh
d'ia.rr aidh in fir sin a ngleannuibh ocus a cnocaibh ocus ni fhuarata^
he. Ocus a cinn da lá dhec na dhiaigh sin do bhatar na sluaigh
sin Serluis ac siuhhal in fhasaigh re n-abar Nauarrorum ocus

1. innti E. a coiméd in talmhan F. 2. innto E. inntogh F. 3. Maille
na shluaghaifcA mora cedna. E. 4. Bagionam F. 5. Ruaricus F.

Ruaidhricu? E. 6. luaigh F. 7. ar g^'ádh F. & E. 8. testail F. & E.

9. reac F. & E. 10. gnimarta E. 11. Dia F. & E. 12. adci F. do
techt CMÍgi ann E. 13. bith F. & E. 14. rachsa F. racsa E.

15. codlaigh F. 16. ainminnti mbruidemel F. Aiwwiwntibh bruidemaíV E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 15

slain or driven out* the Christians from the cities and from the
lands where Charles had left them in charge. And, when
Charles heard that, he returned back again into Spain with his
own armv, and he rested in the city which is called Ba^onne."
And° a noble knight of Charles's people tcok iU, whose name was
Romaruicus.^ And at the time of his death he made confession
and repentance and [took] the bodv of Christ. And he desired
a brother that he had with him to sell his steed, and to give the
price of it to clerics and poor people for the grace of his soul. But
when this knight died, covetousness took possession of the knight's
brother, and he sold the steed for one hundred shilhngs for himself,
and he spent that on food and drink and clothes. But often the
vengeance of God follows close orf evil deeds. To him who had
sold the steed, at the end of thirty days after that, the knight
[who had died] was revealed in the night time, and this is how he
spake to him : "because I gave my equipment to thee to give it
as alms to release my soul, be it known to thee that God has for-
given me my sin. And since thou hast unjustly kept back my
ahns to thyself, understand that thou hast kept me thirty days
in pain, and be it known to thee that for that reason thou thyself
shalt go to-morrow into hell, and that I shall go into Paradise."
And the dead man departed after that discourse. And great fear
seized the living man, and he slept not until day came. And he
told that [story] on the morrow. And after that story had reached
the army they heard dreadful voices in the air over their heads,
as it were the voices of lions or wolves or other brute animals.
And it was not long after that until the devils lifted tliat sound
man, alive, out of the midst of the hosts, up into the íirmament,
And, when the army saw that, the\^ sent foot soldiers and horse
soldiers to look for that man, in valleys and on hills, and they found
him not. And, at the end of twelve days after that, those
hcsts of Charles were marching through the wilderness which is

^ Lit. "driven out and slain." ^ The last ten words are in neither of the
Latin texts which read instead "et erat cum eo dux exercituum
Milo de Angleris." = The 7th chapter of the Latin texts begins here.

^ "Romaricus" C. & Fr. ^ Lit. "is close to," "mahs factis divini iudicis

vindicta proxima esse solet."

16 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

fuaratar corp in íir' sin gan anmuin ocus se ar na coimbrisííí, ocus
ase inadh a raibhi in corp sin a mbarr ailli mara. ocus asi airdi''^
a roibi in bcnn sin os cinn in mara tri lege,^ ocus ase fad do bi
an t-inad sin o'n cathair a.dubhramar uidhi .IIII. la ; ocus do b'iat
an diahail do chuir in corp sin ann sin, ocus ruc a anum a n-iíirenn.
Ar a shon sin bidh'* a fhis aguibh gach aen aga fhuicfe duine marbh
deirc do denamh ar a anmain,, muna tuca^ an deirc sin uadha co
bhfhuil se fein da.mna ightheS'

AN V SGEL ANN SO [F.]

Ocus na diaigh sin do gluais Serlus mor ocus Meiler' maille
na slnaghaib ar fut na Spaine d'iaraid in righ Phadhanda sin do
gabh in Sháin da n-eis ocus ase inadh a bhfuaradrt^ he isin talam
re n-abar De^ Campis ocus ar an sruth re n-abar Tegia ocus a
muighibh ocus a n-inadaib reidhi in a nderna Serlus na dhiaigh sin
tempí?// anorach a n-ainm na msLhtheach uasal .i. Facundi ocus
Primitui^ ucus atait a cuirp osin anuas a cumhsanad san inad si«.

Ocus ar ndul do Sherlus cona shluaghuibli a bhfogus don
inad a raibhi Agiolandws do fhuacair se'" cath ar Serlus, fa thoil
Serluis".i. XX anaghaidh XX^S no da XX" &na.ghaidh da XX*',
no cét a.na.ghaidh cét no mili ana ghaidh míH no dias \na.ghaidh
dheisi, no dui«e ana.ghaidh duini. Ocus ar na cluinsin'^ sin do
Sherlus do cuir se cét ridiri cvisiaighi uadha maghaidh cci ridiri
pa.ganta, ocus do ma.rhhadh na pa.ganaigh co h-uilidhi.

Do chuir Agiolandus ce't ele uaidh ocus do ma.rhhadh iat mar
in cétna. Do cuir dhá chét anaghaidh dhá chét ocus do ma.vhhadh
na Va.ganaigh. Do cuir ia,ram da mhíle anaghaidh da mhile ocus

1. oglaigh F. & E. 2. Thiis F. & E. L:s. has "airm." 8, legha F.

lega E. 4. bith F. bi E. 5. tugad F. E. reads "tucair," turning
the sentence into the 2nd pers. sing. and reading "aen duine" ior "gach aen."

6. damuinti ar a son F. damanta ar a son co bmch ocus iar mb^ach E.

7. F. & E. omit "Meilcr." 8. F. omits the Dc. E. & H. read "decampis."
9. Facumeni ocus Primitui F. Faccunwi ocus Primitia E. & H 10. an
paganach sin F. & E. & H. 11. tSerhtis F. 12. chiisdin F. cloisíiw E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 17

called Navarre,'' and they came upon the body of that man without
hfe and it all broken. And the place where that body la^** was
on the top of a chff by the sea. And the place where that peak
was, was above the sea three leagues. And the distance that
that place was from the city which we have mentioned was a
iourney of four days. And it was the devils who placed that body
there and brcught his soul to heh. For that reason be it known
to you that each one to whom a dead man shall leave [goods] to
give [as] alms for his soul, unless he give that alms he is himself
damned.

FIFTH CHAPTER.'^

And, after that, Charles the Great and Meiler marched with their
armies throughout Spain to seek that Pagan king who had occupied
Spain after them, and the place where they found him was in the
land which is called De Campis, and by the stream which is called
Tegia," and in plains and smooth places in which Charles after-
wards built an honourable church in the name of the noble martyrs
Facundus and Primitius,^ and their bodies are ever since at rest
in that place.

And on Charles with his armies coming near to the place
where Agiolandus was, he challenged Charles to battle,' [with],
as Charles might choose,'* twenty men against twenty, or forty
against forty, or a hundred against a hundred, or a thousand
against a thousand, or two against two, or man against man.
And, when Charles heard that, he sent forth a hundred Christian
knights against a hundred Pagan knights, and the Pagans were
all slain.

Agiolandus sent forth another hundred, and they were slain
in hke manner. He sent two hundred against two hundred and
the Pagans were [again] slain. He sent after that two thousand

«"per deserta telluris Navarrorum et Alavarum [Laruarum Fr.] peragrasset"
'' Lii. "was." " 8th chapter in the Latin. '' Ceia C. Cera Fr. " "Primi-
tivus" in the Latin texts. ' Li(. "proclaimed battle on Charles." Lat.

■"mandavit Karolo bellum," <^ Lit. "at Charles's wiU," "secundum velle

suum."

18 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

do ma.ThJííidh mar an céina. iat d'urmor' ocus do theith in chuid
nar marbAííí//í dhibh. In treas la na dhiaigh sin do connaic
Agiolandus mar do Unteada.i a mhiiindt^r, ocus do rinne se cmnn-
char piseogac^ ocus da reir sin do aithin se da tugad cath im\án
do Sherlus cona muinntir gu náingnadh dith'-^ mhor doibh ; ocus
ar a shon sin do chuir tecta d'fogra catha imlain ar Serlus cona
muinntír ar na mharac^. Ocus do cheíuigh Serlus in cath do
tha.hhairt. Ocus in aghaidh roim in cath do bhi Serlus cona
muinntir a foslongport laim ris in sruth^ romraiti ocus do
shaidhetar cuid da muinntir a ngaithi is na muighibh^ i rabhatar
na comnuidhi ocus ar n-eirghi doibh ar na mharach fuaradar a
ngaithi lan do croicenn ocus do blatli ácdhmha.iseach orro. Ocus
ba hiat lucht na ngaethe sin do maixtivedh a tus in catha ar na
mharach ar son creidmhe Cxist. Ocus ní is mo ina mar as eidir
a indisi do bhatar na siuaigh sin ag^ ingantas ar met na mirhaií
sin do roine Dia. Ocus do gerradh^ na gaithi sin comhard^ re
talmhain ocus do fhasatar croinn mhora a premhaibh na ngaithi
sin gur bho pháirc mor,^ ocus atait o sin isin inad sin gan losgad
gan mhiWedh. Ocus a ngne fhuinnseog atait,^ ocus in \et ingantach
so gidh do bhi se na dhidbail do na corpuibh do bo mhor a
ghairdiug/írtc^A'" dona h-anmannazWí. Ocus do cuired in cath gu
cruaidh ocus co calma in la sin, idir na siuaghaib. Ocus do martmd
Milo .i. athflíV Rolannduis isin cath sin faris in ndroing agar fhas
blath ar a nga.eithihh. Ocus do thuitset da fhicit mile do na
Crisiaighibh in la sin leis na Padhanchaz6/í. Ocus do ma.rhhadh ech
Serluis móir fein" isin cath sin, ocus do bhi Serlus da chois ocus
da m/n7c'2 dona Cristaighibh faris. Ocus do nocht Serlus a
claidheamh ann sin dar ainm Gaudiosa'^ ocus do Ung ar lar na

I. anurmor F. & E. & H. 2. digb«i/ F. & H. dibhail E. 3. re taeb
an srotha sin H. 4. is na hinadaib H. 5. aga F. E. reads "ag
inngawtas med." H. "acij^disÍM." 6. gearradar .sit F. do gearraánr
siat. E. H. rightly omits "siat." 7. gonajTd re F. 8. mar do hheith
pairc mor F. E. oraits this. 9. ocus a ngne ocus andath acosmai/ius
fuinnseocE. fuindsind H 10. E. adds "ocus iw subaita." "an tarba" H.

II. "moir fein" omitted in Lis. 12. da .XX. m. H. & E. 13. E. omits
last eleven words, and after "do ling" adds "le buile catha." which H.

has also.

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 19

against two thousand and thev were Hkewise slain — the greater
part of them^ — and those who were not slain fled. The third day,
after that, Agiolandus saw how his people had fallen, and he made
divination* with spells, and according to it he knew that if he
were to give full battle to Charles and his people he would do
them great damage. And for that reason he sent messengers to
challenge Charles and his people to a full battle'' on the morrow.
And Charles consented to give battle. And the night before the
battle Charles with his people was in camp beside the afore-
mentioned stream, and some of his people stuck their spears in
the plain'' where they were stationed, and when thev arose in the
morning they found their spears covered with'' bark and fair
blossoms on them. And it was the owners of those spears who
were martyred at the outset of the battle on the morrow, for the
sake cf Christ's religion. And the hosts were wondering more
than it is possible to tell at the greatness of the miracles which
God performed. And those spears were cut on a level with the
ground, and there grew great trees from the roots of those spears,
so that it was a great íield [of trees],^ and they are ever since in
that place without burning or destruction. And of the nature of
ash they are. And this wondrous thing, although it was a hurt
to their' bodies, it was a great rejoicing to their' souls. And the
battle was fought hardily and vahantlv that day between the
armies. And Milo, that was Roland's father, was martj^red in
that battle, along with the band upon whose spears blossoms had
grown. And there fell forty thousand of the Christians on that
day at the hands of the Paynims. And Charles's steed was killed
in that battle, and Charles was on foot, and two thousand of the
Christians along with him. And Charles bared his sword then,
whose name was Gaudiosa,^ and he sprang into the middle of

'^ Literally "a charmed casting of lots," "ejecit sortes secrete." This shows
an earlv use of the word "piscóg," very common now in the sense of charm
or spell or superstitious rite. •> Lit. "proclaimed a complete battle on,"

"pugnam plenariam." "^ Lit. "plains," "in pratis." '■^ Lit. "full of."

^ or "a great park." ^ Lit. "the," "magnumque animabus prolicuum,

ingensque corporibus detrimentum." ^ "evaginavit spatam suam

nomine Gaudiosam, et trucidavit multos Sarracenos per medium."

20 (iABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Seirrisdineach ocus do gherradh in Seirrisdineach ar dhó,' ocus do
ri;KH se didlib//a/7 nihor doibh am^aidh sin.''^ Ocus ar tect don
esbartain da n-innsaigííí do chuaid gach shiagh rlhibh d'a arus
fein.^

Tancatrtr wmorro cethrar do thigh^amuibh mora a himeal na
hEtailli do chab/zí?/> do Sherlus mailk cethm mile do ú\hiaghaih
armtha eidighíhe. Ocus mar do chuala Agiolandus in shiagh sin
do thecht do chabhrtíV do Sherlus do elo'* roime as in crích sin,
ocvis chuaidh a ccrích Legionensibus. Ocus do chuaidli Serlus cona
'íAúiiagh isin ¥raingc da eisi sin.

Ocus as intuicthi as na comhdL.rÚ\aihh sin in drong do thuit
isin cath sin gu fuarada;' slainti anma. Ocus mar do wWmhdA^he dar
riáivedha Serluis a n-airm-'' cum cathcf/g/íthe as mar sin as áliged
duinne air n-airm fein d' ullmh?/g/ifld chum catlwzgAthi .i. subh-
2i\chai^ maithi do cur a.níxghaidh na locht.' Ocus gach nech ler
bh'ail in cathughad so do denumh bidh creidiuwí daingen aige
a.na.ghaidh na heiriticeachta'* ocus grádh SLnaghaidh in fhuatha
ocus tabhartas'' anaghaiíí/í na sainnti ocus umla'" in íighaidh in
dimais" ocus genmnaideacht Sinsighaidh na druisi ocus mnaighíhi
dicra a.nsLghaidh aib^rseorac/zta in disihail ocus silens ansLghaidh
na íergi ocus umhla ■á.naghaidh leisce in cuirp.'^ Ocus gibe do
ghena na nethi so biaidh blath d^rtrf/ímhaiseach'^ a lo in bh;'eit-
imnuis air. Or is conaigh toirthech anum claidhthe na p^cadh'-*
ocus budh''' mor a h\áth a úaithtamhnus De'^ ar chsithiighadh a
tsihnain ansighaidh na p^cadh. Ocus mar fuaradar muinnter Serlnis
bas ar son creidimh Crist is mar sin dlighmit-ne bas do thabhairt
d'ar lochtuibh ocus heith marthanach an ar subhalc/?í7í6/i,"innus
co bfaghmais coroiw blathmhar a Raitheas De do buaidh ar
cathflig/2ti.

1. ar a do F. & E. 2. E. adds noch is doturtraschbala re innsin. 3. E.
oniits last fiiteen words. 4. do elód H. do elo(^h se gan fis E. 5. iat
fein cona narmaibh F. 6. subaltflz F. H. is illegible. 7. an

ancreidim H. na nancr — ocus na heitisi p.a. E. 8. aincreidim E.

í). barantas F. .'v: H. baranntas E. 10. umhlacht E. & F. 11. uabhair
E. & F. & H. 12. na colla E & H. F. omits. 13. E. & F. add "ar a

gha." 14. F. has "as conaid tortach anam cluicin (sic) na pecadh."

15. "umor" F. 16. E. & E. Neamhdha. 17. -sic Lis. it H. F. il- E.

subaltflí'tA.

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 21

the Saracens and he used to cut the Saracen [whom he would
smite] in two, and he caused them a great loss in that wise. And
when evening time approached" each army of them went to its
own camp for that night.

There came moreover four great lords'' from the confines of
Italy to help Charles with four thousand troops in arms and
armour. And when Agiolandus heard of that host's coming to
help Charles, he stole away out of that district, and went into the
district Legionenses." And Charles with his army went into
France after that.

And it is to be understood from those signs that the band
who fell in that battle found health of soul [i.e. salvation]. And
as Charles's knights prepared their weapons to fight, in such wise
ought we to prepare our own arms to fight, namely good virtues
to set against faults. And every perscn who desires to make this
fight let him have a firm faith to oppose to heresy, and love to
oppose to*^ hatred, and giving to oppose to covetousness, and
humility to oppose to pride, and chastity to uncleanness, and
fervent prayer to the opposition of the devil, and silence to anger,
and humility to sloth \sic\ of body. And whoever shall do these
things there shall be a fair blossom upon him in the day of judg-
ment. For it is fruitful wealth for a soul to overthrow sin, [?] and
great shall its blossom be in the heaven of God for warring on
earth against sins. And as Charles's people died for the religion
of Christ, so ought we to inflict death upon our faults, and become
everlasting in our virtues, so that we may gain a blossoming
crown in the heaven of God through the victory of our battling.

""die advesperascente" C, "advesperante" Fr. ''"Marquisii." <" "in

Legionensibus oris secessit" C, "in Legionenses oras secessit" Fr. '^ The

Latin is a little more diffuse ; "quisquis enim vel fidem contra haereticam
pravitatem, vel caritatem contra odium, vel largitatem contra avariciam,
vel humihiatem contra superbiam, vel castitatem contra hbidinem, vel
orationem assiduam contra demoniacam tentationem, vel perseverantiam
contra instabilitatem, vel silentium contra iurgia, vel obedientiam contra
carnalem animum ponit, hasta ejus ílorida et victrix in die iudicii Dei erit" C.

Fv. differí' sHghtly.

22 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

AN SEISIVGADH SGEL ANN SO. F.'

Ocus na dhiaigh sin do thinoil Agiolandus cinedha imdha .i.
SeÍTTndmeacha ocus Mauri ocus Moabite''^ ocus fir gorma ocus Parti
ocus Africani ocus Parce-' ocus ri na hAraibi ocus ri Alaxandria
ocus ri Bugie ocus ri Agabia ocus ri Barbarie'* ocus ri Cornubie
ocus righa^ imdha o sin aniach.

Tainic Agiolandus maillds na righuibh sin cona sluaghuibh
cum na cathrach darub ainm Agiam ocus do ghabh hi. Ocus na
dhiaigh sin do fhogair se do Sherlus techt co sidhchanda maille
began do mhaithibh a TÍáireadh da innsaigííí, ocus do gheall co
iihhTeadh^ or ocus aircet [ocus sed mbuadha. E. & H.l do cu mor
do chinn creidmhe dho fein ocus d'a dhéibh. Ocus is e adhar fá
dubhairt se sin cu Tnheith aithne' Serluis aigi, chum a mharbhtha
isin céd cath aris. Ocus ar na tuicsin sin do Sherlus do cuaidh
maille da mhili do shlMflgh ro arrachta uidi cethra mille^ on n-inad
a raibhi Agiolandus, ocus do fhacuib^ iat a bhfalach'" ann sin, ocus
do chuaidh fein mailk re tri fichit ridiri [do mddthibh a muinntire,
E. & H.] cus in" shabh do bhi laimh ris in cath«í> in a roibhi Agio-
landus innus co facatar in cathair uatha. Facbas Serlus a Tnhuinnter
ann sin, ocus do claechlo na hedig'/zi uaisle^^ do bhi uime, ocus do
chuaidh gan gai gan arm ele acht^^a sciath tarrsna ar a dhruim,
mar''^ is gnath ag na misidgaruibh a n-aimsir catha, ocus aen ridiri
[amain F.] na fharrad. Ocus do chuadar cum na cathrach [mar a
roibhe an paganach .i. Agiolandus E. ] ocus mar rancatar in chathair
tarla cuidechts. dhoibh ocus do fhiafraighetar scela'^ dibh.
"Misideir sinn," ar siat, "ar n-ar cur o Sherh/s Mhor cum bhar
righi-si, cum Agiolanduis. Ocus ar na cluinsin sin do vahuinntir
hgíolanduis [do gabh luathghaire mor iat ocus E. & H.j rwcadur
leo iat isin cathair mar a roibhi Agiolandus. Ocus adubratar na
misideir, "Serlus'^ do chuir sinne chugat-sa da inisin'' áuit cu

I. E. reads "in 6 sgel do cogad na Spáine. H. An ui sc. 2. Mabeti F.
Mabite E. 3. F. omit=; írom Parce to Cornubie. 4. barbardha E.
5. moran do cineduibh ad.h.raara, o hoin amach F. E. reads ri Cornabia
ocus moran do rightibh eile. 6. tiubhxadh F., H. & E. 7. iul E. & H.
8. Mile E. & F. & H. 9. fag E. & F. 10. F.. H. &. E. have folach.

II. F. alwaj-s reads "conuig in" for "cusin." conuige E conuici H.
12 do ath.raigh na hedigh ro maithe onoracha E. 13. ocus E. & F

14. mar paganach ag na m. E. mar ía gna.th ac na misiderachaz6/z H.

15. cad do b'ailleo E. & H. 16. Serlus fein E. & H. 17. íoillsiughadh

E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 23

SIXTH CHAPTER.

And, after that, Agiolandus gathered many tribes, Saracens and
Moors and Moabites and Negroes" and Parthians and Africans
and Parce,'' and the king of Arabia and the king of Alexandria,
and the king of Bugia and the king of Agabia and the king of
Barbary and the king of Cornubia, and many other kings as
well."

Agiolandus came with those kings together with their hosts
ío the city which is called Agiam*^ and took it. And after that
he sent a proclamation to Charles bidding him come peaceably
to him vvith a few chiefs of his knights, and he promised that he
would give him gold and silver and precious gems in plenty if he
would believe in himself and his gods. And the reason he said
that was that he might be able to recognize Charles, and so slay
him in the next battle. And, as soon as Charles understood that,
he went with two thousand of his host, very valiant ones, a
journey to within four miles of the place where Agiolandus was, and
left them in hiding there, and he himself went with three score
knights of the princes of his people to the mountain which was
beside the city in which was Agiolandus, so that they saw the city
in the distance.® Charles left his people there, and he changed
the nobleman's clothes that were on him, and he went without
a spear or other weapon except his shield across his back, as is
the custom of ambassadors in time of battle, and only one knight
with him, and they went to the city where the pagan, Agiolandus,
was. And so soon as they reached the city a company met them
and asked tidings of them, " We are ambassadors,"^ say they,
*' who are sent from Charles the Great to your king, to Agiolandus.
And so soon as the people of Agiolandus heard that, they rejoiced
much, and they brought them with them into the city where
Agiolandus was. And the ambassadors said, " It is Charles who
has sent us to thee to tell thee that Charles has come with three

^ Lit. " blue men " as the Irish called blaclcs. Aethiopes, Lat. ^ Persas,

alitey Pierses. ■= Lit. from that oul. '^ Agenni C. Agomam Fr. The

Latin texts mention other kings and countries which the Irish texts omit.

** Lit. " from them." ' Nuncii.

24 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

tainic Serlus maillí? tri fichit fer mar adwbflrtais' ris, ocus do b'ail
leis bheith na oglrtcA acat-sa,"'^ da comailli^ tu gach ni do gheallais-*
do, ocus [ar an adbar sin F. & E.] eirigh-se, in mhéd sin do
mhaithibh do mhuindtiri, na choinnc, ocus labhíTiV ris co sidh-
chanta."^ Ocus [ahaithle in comraid sin do denam doibh E. & H.]
adubhairt Agiolandus riu-san imthearht cum Serluis ocus a ráá
ris fuireach ris, or nir aitliin Agiolandus gur b'e Scrlus do bhi ag
comhradh ris, ocus do aithin Serlus eisium cu maith. Ocus do
chuartaigh^ in chathair ocus do fhec ga taebh as ar hh'usa. a gabhail.
Ocus do imthigh chum a thri fichet ridiri [tar a ais F. & H.] ocus
do gluaisetar cum in inaid ar fhacbhatar in da mhile ridiri, ocus do
lean Agiolandus iat secht mile ridiri armtha QxáightheP Do b'ail
leis Serlus do mdt.rhhadh. Ocus ar na aithne sin^ do Sherlus ní
hanmain do rindi no gu rainic isin^ Fra mgc. Ocus do thmoil
siuagha mhora ocus do chuaidh cum na cathrach re n-abar Agenne
[do b'ail leis a ga.hhail F. & E.] ocus do shuidh na tiwceall, ocus
do bhi ann co cenn sé mis. Ocus annsa sechtmad mhí ar ndenam
chaislen crainn ocus mhoiain do shasaibh ele do Sherlus, do elo
Agiolandus gu cealgach maiUds na righuibh ocus ris na tigearnadibh
áo bhi 'na fhochair tre chamradhuib ocus tre phoUuibh na cathrach
amach, ocus tar in sruth'" darab ainm Gaurona, ocus is mar sin
do shechai;i se cumhachta Serluis. Ocus do chuaidh Serlus
[impir na crodhachta ocus in gaisgid E.] ar n-a mharach" maiUe
Ccithughadh mor ann sa ca.thraigh ocus do thuit moian dona
Seivr isdineachaibh le harmaibh, ocus do chuaidh moran dibh maiUé
gudiSachi mor tar in sruth aidubhramar. Ocus as e lín do thuit
isin cathflíV''-^ dibh fiche míle.'^

AN SEACHTMADH SGEL ANN SO. F.'^

Do chuaidh Agiolandus iarsin cus in ca.thraigh dar ainm
Sconnas'^ or do bhi si in tan sin fa chumachtaibh na SeÍTrisdíneach

1. mí'>'arobuis F. mar duba>'taisi E. & H. 2. F omits. 3. coiwzilir F.

comlir E. & H. 4. F. omits. 5. co mmnnteara. sichanta E.

(i. braith F. 7. E. & H. add incomluinn. 8. E. & H. lead "na

mailisi ocus na ceilgi sin." H. "na mailisi." 9. annsa E. lU. abaind

gaurona E. 11. F. omits last three words. 12. cath Lis. cathraid H.
cathair F. & E. 13. X. mili E. & F. l.X. Mile H. 14. E. adds "do
chogad na Spái«e. 15. Scondas E. & H.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 25

score men as thou badest him, and he vvould gladly be a vassal of
thine if thou fultillest everything that thou hast promised him;
go thou therefore with the same number of the nobles of thy
people to meet him and speak to him peaceably." And after they
had held that discourse Agiolandus bade them go to Charles
and tell him to wait for him. For Agiolandus did not recognize
that it was Charles who was conversing with him. But Charles
recognized him well, and he went through^ the city and saw from
what side it would be easiest to take it. And he went back to
his three score knights, and they marched to the place where
they had left the tvvo thousand knights, and Agiolandus followed
them with seven thousand knights in arms and armour. He
desired tb slay Charles. And so soon as Charles recognized that^
he made no halt'' until he arrived in France. And [there] he
collected great hosts and went to the city vvhich is called
Agenne,'= which he desired to take, and camped round about it. And
he vvas there to the end of six months. And in the seventh month
after Charles having made a castle of vvood and many other engines,
Agiolandus stole away secretly with the kings and lords vvho were
along with him out through the sewers and holes of the city,''
and across the river whose name is the Garonne, and it was in
this way that he avoided Charles's power. And Charles, the
emperor of valour and heroism, went on the morrovv, with great
fighting,*" into the city, and many of the Saracens fell by weapons,
and many of them went with great peril aci-oss the river we have
spoken of. And the number of them who fell in the city was
twenty thousand.'

SEVENTH CHAPTER.

Agiolandus went thereafter to the city which is called Sconnas'*
for it was at that time under the power of the Saracens, and he
himself and his people abode in it. And as soon as Charles heard

^ Lit. "searched," "visited." Lat. exploravit. ^ Lit. It was not a stopping

he made. •= Agenni C. Agennum. Fr. '^ Per latrinas et foramina.

« Magno triumpho. * Both the Latin texts read 10,000. So do the Franciscan

MS. and Egerton. s Santonas. C. Sanctonas. Fy., i.e., Xaintonge.

26 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ociis do an fein cona mhninnúr innti. Ocus ar na cloisdin' sin
do Sherlus do lean he ocus do fhocair dho in cathair do thabhairt
uadha. Ocus adubhairt sin nach tihhredh,'^ ocus adubhairt co
tibhredh- cath do Sherlus ar cunnradh airithi, ocus gebe aga
mheith'-^ buaidli in catha in chathair do hheith aigi. Ocus do
aemh Serlus [an cunnradh E. & H.] sin. Ocus in aghaidh roim in
cath sin do chur. ar mbeith do Sherhis cona sUuaghaih ar
machairibh mora idir in caislf'aw darab ainm Talaburgus ocus in
cathair laimh ris in sruth darub ainm Tarannta,'* do cuireadar
cuideaclita do mhuinntir Sherluis a ngaitlii na sesam a ta.hnhain
ocus fuaradar fa croiceann ocus fa hláth ar na mharach iat, ocus
bu iat sin do blii cum a martra a tus in catha ar na mharach.^
Ocus ar bhfeicsin na mirhuile sin [do rinne Dia doibh F. & E.] do
bhi gairdeachus mor orroocus do ghearrada.r a ngaeithi^ o tha.\mhain
suas ocus do chuatar [fo na Paganachaibh F.] a tus in catha'
ar na mharach, ocus do mharbhatar moran dona Vaáhanachaibh
ocus fuaratar fein a martra.^ Ocus ase lin shiaigh do bhi Serlus
ann sin, .iiii. mile. Ocus do ma.rhhadh a each isin cath sin, ocus
ar mheith do fein ar na mhuchadh d'imat na Pada»«ch do ghuigh
se in t-aein-dia uíh-chúmhachtach um a'' fhurtacht, ocus ar bhfag/mí7
bnghi ocus neirt o Dhia dho [ge do bhi fein da cois E.] do mharbh
moran dona Vadanachaibh, ocus o nar tualuing'" iat cuthac^ Serluis
d'fulang, do theitetar cum na cathrach ocus do len Serlus iat
cusin cdithraigh, ocus do bhris hi gacha taebha, acht in chuid do
bhi laimh ris in sruth di. Agus an aghaidh na dhiaigh sin do
thinnscam Agiolandus cona shiaghaih eludh'' tar an sruth. Ocus
ar na tuicsi«''^ sin do Sherlus do lean he^ ocus do mharbh ri na
hAraibi ocus ri Frigie'^ocus moran do Vadhanachaibh ele co .III I.
míle.

AN T-OCHTMAD SGEL. F.

Ocus ar r\á\thughadh na Padawach cu uile''' do Sherlus do
theith Agiolandus gus an port re n-abar Cisereos,'^ocus tainic co
Pampilonia ocus do fhuagair do Sherlus cath do tabhairt do. Ar

1. clos F. & H. 2. tiubhrad F., H. & E. 3. gRmeiih F. 4. Taranda

F., H. & E. 5. F., H. & E. omit the last sixteen words. 6. Lismore

reads "ghí-ímidar a ngnaithi." 7. E. omits last four wcrds. 8. a

martired H. "do maÍTiiredh iat fein" F. 9. um F. da E. 10. heidir

¥., E. & H. 11. "elód" H. "elogh do denam" F. & E. 12. faicsin
F. & E. 13. haraipi F., which omits Frigie. H. reads ri bnghe. 14. mór

E. &, F. 15. sicereos F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 27

that, he pursued him and sent him word to give up the city. He
said he would not, and that he would give battle to Charles on
certain conditions — that whoever gained the victory in the battle
should have the city. And Charles accepted that agreement.
And the night before fighting that battle as Charles with his hosts
was on the great plains between the castle whose name is Telab-
urgus^ and the city beside the stream whose name is Taranta''
some of Charles' people set their spears standing in the ground,
and found them covered with bark and with blossoms on the
morrow. And those were they who were to be martyred in the
forefront of the battle on the morrow. And when they beheld
those miracles that God had performed for them they rejoiced
greatly, and they cut off their spears on a level with the ground''
and they went in amongst the Pagans in the forefront of the
battle on the morrow, and they killed many of the Pagans and
found their own martyrdom. And the number of Charles' host
there was four thousand. And his steed was slain in that battle.
And as he was being smothered by the multitude of Paynims he
besought the One-God, all-powerful for help, and receiving strength
and power from God, although he was on foot, he slew many of the
Paynims ; and as they were not able to endure the fury of Charles
they íled to the city, and Charles followed them into the city and
breached it on every side, except that portion of it which bordered
the river. And, the night after that, Agiolandus with his troops
began to steal away across the river. And as soon as Charles
understood this he pursued him and he killed the King of Arabia**
and the King of Frigie^ and many of the other Paynims, to the
number of four thousand.

EIGHTH CHAPTER.

And after Charles' utterly defeating the Paynims, Agiolandus fled to
the pass' called Cisereos, and he came to Pampilonia and he sent
word^ to Charles to give him battle. And when Charles heard that

" Talaburgus. *> Charantam C. Caranta Fí-.^Carenton. "^ Lit. írom

the ground up. " de terra." ** Agabiae C. Algabiae Fr., i.e. Algarve.

*^ or "Frigia." Both Latin texts read Bugiae. ^or port " transmeavit

portus Cisereos" C. Aserros Fr., i.e. passes of the Pyrenees. ^ Lit.

" proclaimed "

28 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

na cloisdin sin do Sherlus do chuaidh isin 'Fraingc ocus do thionoil
cu íor\eth?L\\ a shluagh do fhreagra catha anaghaidh nam«d in
chreidim chathohíz'í-í?.' Ocus do ovdaigh se gach uih duine do bhi
fa bhiadlitac/ías ocus fa dhaeirsi ar fud na Fraingce a mbeith saer
ocus a sil na ndiaigh ar'-^ dhul leis anaghaidh namat in creidim
catholrtíci. Ocus [an a cend sin F. & E.] a roibhi a cuibrighibh
ocus a prisunaibh do urail a scailcdh ocus a lclcen amach. Ocus
in mhéid do bliochtuib fuair, do shaidhbrigh iat, ocus do éidigh na
noiclit ocus do rinne sidhcliain ris na treghtuiribh,-' ocus do thog
gach neach cum a eigreachia.* ocus cum a athardha dilsi ; ocus
gach neach do bhi chsdi ar sciath^ d'imchur ocus ar ca.thughadh do
denumh, Uic beirt ridm^ dhoibh. ocus gach neacli do dhesdaigh
sé' ris roime sin ]e na gciwtuibh^ fein tuc cuigi iat gu cairdt'flwuil
Ocus ni hiat sin amhain acht in méid do cliairdibh ocus do náimdih
do h'eidir leis díha.ghail do dheisigh iat do dul leis isin Spain.
Ocus gacli meit do dainibh do uhmhaigh Serlus leis cum csithaighthi
anaghaidh in chineda Padanta tuc Turpin airdesboc^ Remwdis ^
esbaloid ocus logad'" a pccadli doibh.

Ar tinol a shiuaigh do Slierlus .i. c. ocus xx.k. mí/e" fer armtha
eidighthi a n-ecmais coisighi ocus lucht airm dh'imchar nar eidí^''^
d'airium, do chuaigh se isin Sbrtm anaghaidh Agiolanduis. Ocus
as iat so anmanna na bfer is mó do chuaidh le Serlus isin Sbain,
.i. Turpi;íz<s in t-airdesbog naemtha do urail'^ ar in popal Crisdaighi
dul do cha.th\ighadh ris na Fadnnachaibh ocus do cmveadh anum isin
pobal ac tabhairt esbulo?'í/i dhoibh ['na pecadhaibh F.J in tan do
theigtis cum cathaighthi. [Ocus ni hedh amhíím ach F.] gach
neach do na Seivvisdineachaibh do chreidedh do baistedh iat, ocus
gach neach nach creidedh do cha.thuigheadh na n-aghaidh. Ociis
Rolandus diuic Cowmanensis'-* ocus tighearna na Blauini'' mac

1. cathoilica E. 2. do cind dnl leis do riadhug/^arfA F. H. "do métug/íafl'/í
onora Dia." E, reads as F., but the last vvord is doubtful. 3. F. seems

to read t>-eigertí7c/Mubh. H. omits. 4. oidhreachta F. & E. 5. sgeith F.
6. arm gRÍscidh E. 7. E. adds no do low sc. 8. cinntaib F. H. omits

this passage. 9. airdeasboc Roin E. F. omits. H. seems to rcad Rowa.

10. lobad F. 11. .c. ocus .x. m. xx. F. E. & H. have x mile xx ar. c.

12. H. reads "ind ecmais daeine ndímaeinech." E. turns this pa.ssage
difíerentlv and adds "nachar b'eidir d'airim na do cur a suim o .soin amach."

13. E. adds "ocus do guidh." H. omits most oí this passage. 14. diuci
'iluaigh Serluis F. E. & H. read "Cowzowanensis" for "Serhiis." 15. H.

"Blavii." "E. secm.í to read "blastat/íí."

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 29

he went into France and he gathered together his host from all sides''

to join battle against the enemies of the Cathohc Faith. And he

ordered that every person whatsoever who was under biadhtachas^

or in slavery throughout France, was to become free and their seed

after them on condition of their going with him against the enemies

of the Cathohc Faith. And, in addition to that, ah who were in

bonds and in prisons he ordered to be loosed and let go. And

all the poor whom he found he enriched, and he clothed the naked,

and he made peace with the traitors,'' and he raised'' every person

to his inheritance and lawful patrimony. And every person who

was expert at bearing shield and fighting he gave them the equip-

ment of knights. And all the persons he had separated from

himself through their own misdeeds before that, he received them

[now] in a friendly manner. And not them only but all the friends

and enemies he was able to get, he made them ready to go with

him into Spain. And all the hosts of people whom Charles pre-

pared [to go] with him to war against the Pagan race, Turpin,^

Archbishop of Rheims, gave them absolution and remission of

their sins.

When Charles had collected his host, namely a hundred and

thirty thousand men armed and equipped, not to speak of foot-
soldiers and armour bearers whom it was impossible to number, he
passed into Spain to meet Agiolandus. And here are the names of
the chiefest men who went with Charles into Spain : Turpin,' the
holy archbishop who ordered Christian people to go and battle
with the Paynims, and who used to put heart** into the people
giving them absolution for their sins when they used to go to
fight, and not that only, but every one of the Saracens who might
beheve, he used to baptize them, and every one who would not
beheve he used to fight against him ; and Roland,** Duke of Com-
mane' and Lord of the Blavini, sisters son to Charles, and son of

■^ Lit. "widely." ^ i.e. " who had to supply food," " who held on that

tenure." ? Latin ut omnes servi qui sub malis consuetudinibus pravonim
dominorum religati tenebantur. <■ Malevilos paciíicavit. '' relevabit,

Lis. reads "togh." '^ Ego Tiarpinus. ' ego Turpinus qui. *^ populum
animatum reddebam. ^ The Latin MSS. give this name in many different

spellings, Rotholandus, Rotolandus, Rothlandus, Rolandus, from which last
íorm comes Orlando. ' Comes Cenomannen.sis, Blavii doniinus=Count of

Mans and lord of Guienne ?

30 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

dtrbhshetar do Sherhis, ocus niac do Diuic Milo Dengleris ' fer nior
do meit, ocus crodha do laimh, maillí; re cethra vaile fer n-armach ;-
ocus Oluerus i2ás,each na sluagh, richVi cruaidh ar na áerhaú. co
meinic a c^ihaih, ro chumhachtach ar ghai ocus ar cXaideamh,^
larla Gebineíxsis,'* maille re trí m.ile fer in-chatha ; ocus Arasdandus
ri no diuic^ na Bntaine^ maille secht vailc ; ocus Engelerus' diuic
na Giawe, maiUe re cethra. mile [fer n-incatha F. & E.l Ocus do
batar so uili clisdi ar armuibh, ocus co h-airithi ar dibhracad
soiggt f ocus Gaffms ri Burdugalewsis maille sechi^ mile, ocus
Gandebolldí/s ri Frisie maille sechi mile ;'° ocus Othgheius" ri
Lochl«nM maille deich mile ; ocus Consaniinus Prefect.'ís Romanws
maille deich milt ; ocus moran do righuibh ocus do dhiuicibh ocus
do 1\gh.tamaib ele co«a úuaghaih nach airimhtí?ar ann so. Ocus
do bi nuimhíT sliiaigh Serluis ann sin da fhichii mile ridiri armtha
eiátghthi, ocus ni roibhi nuimhíV na SLÍreamh ar a coisighibh ; ocus
na íir remraitti sin do b'uasal iat ocus do cha.ihuigheadur a hucht
cmdimh Crisi. Amhuil mar do ghab Crisi, miaille na eshnlaibh
in domrtw le saethar mor, is mar sin do ^hah Serlus ri na Frangcach
pcus impir na Romanach maillíis an ndroiwg-si a.duhhvamay in
Spain co haiiidhi a n-a«oir Isu Crist.

A[N] NAEMADH SGEL ANN SO. F.

Do tinoileadh'^ iarum na úuaigh sin Serluis laimh re Burdius
ocus do cluiwti foghar ocus mongur na sluagh sin uidhi dha mili
dhec o'n inad a rabhatar. Ocus 'na dhiaigh sin do druit SerUis
cona. shliiaghaib laimh ris in cathair a raibhi Agiolandus .i. Pampil-
oma. Ocus do bhi ridiri uasal dar'^ainm Arnalldus De Bellanda
a bhfochair Serluis, ocus do chuaidh se tar an sruth re n-abar
Cismos, ocus do lean larla he dar'^ainm Estultus cona shhiagh

1 de angleris E. & H. E. adds "ocus do Burta .i. siur do S." H. reads
do ue>'ta .i. siur S. 2. F. omits the last twentv four words. 3. F. omits

last fifteen words, H. omits the last seven, and E. seems to read "ar laimh."
4. Gebensis E., H. & F. 5. These two words are written in Lis. above
the line. 6. Lis. reads "bri." 7. F. omits. 8. ar boghaibh ocus

ar soigdibh F. & E. H. omits. 9. .IIH. m. E. & H. 10. F. omits last
fifteen words. E. reads "gandeboldus," and gives him X. m. íey.
11. Ogerus E. & F. Ogh^^s H. 12. E. adds as before to the titlc of thc

chapter the words "do cogadh na Spaine," and begins "Mar do tiwoileadh."
H. forgets to number this chapter or the figures have been cut away. Lis.
reads 'tinoil." 13. darb F. darab E. darba H.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 31

Duke Milo Dengleris, a man great of size and valiant of hand,
together with four thousand armed men ; and OHver, captain of
the hosts, a hardy knight, proved often in battles, right powerful
for spear or sword, the Earl of Gebinense* [?] with three thousand
men fit for battle ; and Arastandus, King (or Du^e)" of Bretagne,
with seven thousand ; and Engelerus, Duke of Giane," with four
thousand men of war. And all these men were expert at weapons,
and especially at shooting arrows ; and Gaferus,^ the King of
Burdugale (?) with seven thousand, and Gandeboldus, King of
Frisie, with seven thousand, and Othgerus,^ King of Lochlann,
with ten thousand ; and Consantinus, the Roman Prefect, with
ten' thousand ; and many other kings and dukes and lords with
their hosts who are not enumerated here.'^ And the number of
Charles' troops there was forty thousand knights in arms and
armour, and the foot soldiers were not to be reckoned or counted !
And the afore-mentioned men were all noble, and they fought
for the sake of the Faith of Christ. Just as Christ with his disciples
took the world with great labour, so did Charles, king of the Franks
and emperor of the Romans, with this band that we have spoken
of. take the whole of Spain, in honour of Jesus Christ.

NINTH CHAPTER.

Afterwards those hosts of Charles were gathered close by
Burdius,^ and the noise and murmur of those hosts might be heard
a distance' of twelve miles from the place in which they were.
And after that Charles with his armies moved close to the city
where Agiolandus was, namely Pampilonia. And there was a
noble knight whose name was Arnaldus De Bellanda along with
Charles, and he crossed the river which is called Ciserios,^ and an

''Comes Gebennensis. C. It is not in the Fr. text. '' The words "or

duke " are written above the line in Lis. as a variant, both Latin texts read
Rex Britannorum. "^ Dux Aquitaniae. ^ Both Latin texts have

Gaiferus, rex Burdigalensis, ie., of Bordeaux. ^ Ogerius rex Daciae.

' Viginti. C. sjhe Latin texts give many more names but they do not

agree with one another. •> in landis burdigalensibus. C. ' Literally

"joumey." i transmeavit portus Ciserios. C. Asereos. Fr.

32 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

cusin ciithraígh cédna, ocus na dhiaigh sin do chuaidh Serlus ocus
Rolfl«í/ws' maille moran do shliiaghaih ele na dhiaigh. Ocus do
blii dh' imat a shtagh innus gur fhoilghitar in taAamh o sruth Ruibi
cus in sliabh do bhi tri leuic- .i. nai milc on chat/míV a roibh
Agiolandus, ar shgicíh Sa» Som. Ocus do bhatar iedh ocht la ag
dul tar an sruth a.díibhramay cum na cathrach. Ocus do fhoguir
Serlus do Agiolandus in cathair do thabhairt do wo a fhresdal uw''
chath. Do connaic Agiolandus nach ha eidir leis in chathair do
cownmhail'' d'imad na sluagh do bhí na aghaidh, ocus as i comhairle
do rinne duP tar catha?> amach do tliabhairt in chatha, ar egla
bais an-uasail d'faghail isin cathair. Ocus do chuir se techta
chum Serluis d'fhaghail osaidh uadha no go tised*^ cona shluagh
tar an cathravg/z amach do thabhairt catha do, ocus cum labhartha.
ris. Oi ba h-ailgií/sar/í le hAgiolandus Serlus d'fí'/csin ar' cu mad
aithne do he.

AN DEACMAD SGEL ANN SO. F.«

Do cheduigh Serlus an t-osadh sin [do sirí'rfh air]^ ocus do
chuaidh Agiolandus cona shluagh tar in cathraigh amach, ocus do
fhacuib a shluagh laim risin cathair, ocus do chuaidh fein, ocus
da fhichit do na dainibh is uaisli do bhi na fhochair cum Serluis
[mar a roib se a fochuir a shluagh.]'^'^ Ocus do bhi sluagh Serluis
agus sluagh A.gio\anduis ar machaire moir reidh do bhi itir in
cathair ocus úighi San Sem, ocus do b'é fad"do bhi etorra sin se
mhile. Adubhairt Serlus, "as tusa Agiolandus'- do ben mu
thigheanxus dim gu h-ecoir .i. in Spaiw ocus in Gasguin do ghabhas
maiUe cumhachtaibh De, ocus do chuiris'^fo recht ocus fo cuing
na Cnstaighe. Ocus ar n-impodh dhamh tar ais'* cum na Fraingce

1. Both Lis. and E. read here rather awkwardl\' "R. cona shiaghaibh maille"
etc. I have followed F. here. 2. Thus H. Lis. reads ocus, for .i. F.
omits, and E. reads "do bi .xx. mile." 3. F. omits last three words. E.
reads "no cath" in place of them. 4. an cath do thabhairt F. & H.

E. combines both sentences. 5. tar an sruth no tar an cathair E. &. F.

6. roithigh ícin F. soiáheadh E. co dol dó H. 7. E. omits ar, and

adds "aris" after "he." 8. E. has "in .x. scel do chogadh na Spaine."
9. Added from E. & F. 10. Added from E. & F. 11. fedh H. in ieadhE.
12. a AgUandiiis E. 13. Thiis E. & F. Lts. has "chuirset." 14. m'ais

F. & E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 33

Earl who was called Estultus followed him with his host to the
same city ; and after that Charles and Roland marched together
with many other armies foHowing him. And so great was the
multitude of their hosts that they covered the ground from the
stream of Ruibi^ to the mountain that was three leagues (that
is nine miles) from the city where Agiolandus was, on the road
of Saint James.'' And they were for eight days going across the
river" we have mentioned towards the city. And Charles sent
word to Agiolandus to give him up the city or to meet him in
battle. Agiolandus saw that it would not be possible for him to
hold the city, by reason of the number of the hosts that were
against him ; and the counsel he resolved on was to go out beyond
the city to give battle, for fear of meeting an ignoble death** in the
city. And he sent messengers to Charles to obtain a truce from him
until he should come out beyond the city with his army to give him
battle, and to speak to him. For Agiolandus was most-desirous
to see Charles that he might recognize him.

TENTH CHAPTER.

Charles consented to that truce which was desired of him, and
Agiolandus went out with his host past the city, and he left his
army beside the city, and he went himself with two score* of the
most noble who were with him to Charles to where he was along
with his army. And the army of Agiolandus and Charles's army
were on a great level plain that lay between the city and Saint
James' road. And the distance that was between them was six
miles. Said Charles, "You are Agiolandus who have taken my
lordship from me unlawfully, namely Spain and Gascony, which
I had taken with God's power, and which I put under the law
and yoke of the Christians. And as soon as I had turned back

• Runae. Rume. Lat. texts. ^ via iacobitana. <= Lat. portus.

^ turpiter mori. ^ La/. sexaginta.

34 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

do mharbhuis a bhfhuaruis do Christaighibh annsa Sháin ocus do
scrisais a ca.thvacha. ocus a caisleiw ocus do loiscis in tir co himlaw,
ocus ar na hadbh«raibh sin as mor m' agm ort anois."'

Mar do chna.\nidh Agiolandus tenga na Seirvisdineach^ ag
Serlus do bhi ingantus mor aigi uime. Or in tan do bhi Serlus
'na m/zrtcamh og do bhi se seal d'a aimsir idir na Fadanachaibh isin
cathair re n-abar Toletum, ocus do fhoglaim se tenga na Seirris-
díneach isin cathair sin.

Adubhairt Agiolandus re Serlus "Guigim^ thu um'* a innisin
damh cred fa rucais on chineadh da bhfuilmit-ne in ferunn nach
benann riut fein do dhhg^íí oighreachta, na ved' th'athaíV, na ved'
shen-athair, na ved' cewel romut." ?

Adubhairt Serlus, "Ase adb/za^ ía rucas uatha-^ he or do thagh
an Tighearna nemhdha, do chvxxihaigh neamh ocus tsdamh, ar
cinedh-ne .i. Cvisíaighi, tar chin^íí/mibh in áomhain ; ocus do
ováaigh se nert ocus cumachta dhoibh orro, ocus ar a shon sin do
chuires-sa in cinedh Fa.danla fa n-ar náliged iein, in mhéd do
íhédns."

Adubhairt Agiolandus "As mór is anuasal in dliged do chuirfedh
ar cinedh-ne fa bhar^ cinedh-si. Or is ferr ar ndhged-ni ina bar
ndliged-si. As e a adhhhar sin coimh^7mait-ne aithinta Maca-
metuis'^ do chuir Dia mar thechtairi chucainn. Or atait dée
cumachíacha. againn do heir ligdachi ocus flaíV/íemhnus dúinn ocus
fhoillsighgs duinn na neithi bhis ac teact ar nvaiiledh Macametuis.

Adubhairt Serlus "ac sin arrait^ acat, or adubhrais gur fherr
bar ndligí'íí fein ina ar ndhg^íí-ne, o choimhédtai aithinta
Macametuis, ocus," adubhairt Serlus, "creidmít-ne ocus adhramait
Dia .i. in t-Athair ocus in Mac ocus in Spirut naemh, ocus creidti-si
ocus adharthai in diaba/ a n-idbartaibh balbha dímhaiwe, ocus ar
son in ch^eidim chondaimmit-ne,^ tar eis bhais d'fhag/mi/ duin
rachsdt ar n-anmanna isin hethaid marthanaig/t a Parthws. Bur

1. Last word omitted in Lis., which reads mh' for m' in m'agra. "Ma.cra" H

2. E. adds "annsa caíhair." 3. Guidim E. & F. H. omits. 4. ma
E. & F. 5. Thus F. Lis. & H. have uaibh. E. buaibh. 6. "nar" F.,
"n" with a smaller u over it, E., but both read "bar" in the next line.
H. reads "ar" for "bhar" in both lines. 7. F. inflecting mac as i£ it
were an Irish word, writes in fuU Micametus. 8. ariud E. araid F.

aruid H. 9. Congmadmait-ne H,

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 35

into France you slew all you found of Christians in Spain, and
destroyed their cities and castles and burnt the country completely,
and for those reasons great are my complaints'' against you."

When Agiolandus heard the Saracens language from Charles
he marvelled at it greatl^." For when Charles was a youth
he had been for a part of the time amongst the Paj'nims in the
city which is called Toletum/ and he had learnt the language
of the Saracens in that city.

Said Agiolandus to Charles, 'T pray you tell me why have
you taken from the race to which we belong, the land that did
not pertain to yourself by law of heredity, nor to your father,
nor to your grandfather, nor to your race before you" ?

Said Charles, "the reason why I took it from them is that
the heavenly lord who created heaven and earth has chosen our
race, namely the Christians, beyond all the races of the world,
and has ordained strength and power for the Christians over
them, and for that reason I have placed the Fagan race under
our own law, in so far as I have been able."

Said Agiolandus, "exceedingly ignoble^ is the law which
would place our race under your race, for better is our law than
your law. The reason of that is that we keep the commandments
of Mahomet whom God sent as a messenger to us. For we have
powerful Gods who give kingship and sovereignty to us, and
manifest to us the things that are coming at the bidding of
Mahomet."

Said Charles, "that is an error you are in, for you said that
your own law was better than our law since ye keep the com-
mandments of Mahomet, and," said Charles, "we beheve in and
adore God the Father the Son and the Holy Spirit,^ and ye beheve
in and worship the devil in dumb and vain offerings, and for the
sake of the Faith which we keep, after death, our souls shali
go into eternal life in Paradise ; your souls, however, they shall

* multum conqueror. ** The Latin texts add "et gavisus est." '^ Fr. reads

Coletum. '' valde indignum est. ^ The Latin texts add "quos colimus,

per quos vivimus et regnamus."

36 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

n-anmanna-si lomorro a n-ifern rachait. Msiseadh^ as íerr ar
ndliged-ne ina bhar náliged-si, ocus o nar/í aitheantai cmth-
/íig/ítheoir na ndul ocus nach ail libh a aithne do hheith aguibh,
ni dlighthi^ oighrecht do hheith acuibh a nim na a talrtm, acht
biaidh bur rann ocus bur sealbh a bhfhocair an diabaí/ ocus
Macametuis .i. bar ndia fein, ocus ar an adbAar sin gab-sa ocus
do chinedh ha.istedh cucaibh ocus bethi beo, no tar^ amac[h] am
aghaidh-si chum cathflíg/^thi gu bhfagha tu'* bás anuasal."

Adubhairt Agiolandus "nír ordaigh mu dhia-sa sin, acht
caitheochat-sa ocus mu chinedh ad aghaidh-si, ocus anaghaidh do
chinidh ar an cannrad-sa .1. ma's ferr bhar^ ndhged-si ina ar ndlig^íí-
ni ocus sibh-se do breith buaidhi^ catha oraind-ne, bidh tathair
ar in lucht claiter againd, ocus moladh ocus ga.ÍTáinghadh don lucht
claidhíes iat, do shir, ocus da claiter mu chineíí-sa gebat ha.\stedh
cugam cum heith a mhethaidh.'"'

Ocus do cedaighed in [n]i sin acu, da gach taebh,^ ocus do

toghadh acíííoir .xx. ridiri Cristaighi ar lathair an chatha cum

fichit ridiri do na SGÍrnsdineachaibh. Ocus do thinnscnadar

csiíimghadh ar an cunnrad sin, ocus do ma.Thadh co h-imlan na

SeÍTTÍsdínigh. Do cuired da fichit anaghaidh dhá fichit ocus

do ma.Thadh na Seirrisdínigh mar an cédndi. Do cuiréd céí

anaghaidh cét ocus do marbadh na Seirrisdínigh. Do cuired arís

cét anaghaidh cét, ocus do theith in cét Cristaighi tar a n-ais,

ocus do msiThadh uili iat. Ocus do b'e a adbar sin or do bhí egla

a marbhtha orro. Or ni dligiwn in luchd le'r ail cathughadh ar

son creidimh Crist teithedh do denam, na^ egla do hheith orro.

Ocus mar do marbarfA na Crisiaighi^^ út ar son mar do theithedar

is mar sin do na Cnstaighihh darub dliged calhughadh laidíV do

dhenam anaghaidh na p^cadh [da teitid tar a n-ais annsna ^ecadhaihh

do gebaid bas anuasal, ocus da caXhaaghid co maith]'^ muirbhíit a

namflíd co h-imlán .i. na diahail do heir orra na pecaidh do denam.

1. mar is follus co, etc, F Maseadh is foUus gurab E. 2. ni dligheadh.
dibh E & H. 3. Tara E. Tarra F. & H. 4. fagtha E. fadta F.,
both omit "tu." 5. ar H. 6. buaidh E. buadha F. & H. 7. F. & H.
omit last four words. 8. gacha taebha E. 9. ar son E. 10. an

cuidcachta ut F. &. E. 11. Last sixteen words from F. E. resembles it.

Lis. & H. omit.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 37

go to helL* If so, better is our law than your law, and since
ye do not recognize the Creator of the elements and do not
wish to recognize him ye ought not to have an inheritance in
heaven or on earth, but your portion and possession shall be with
the Devil and Mahomet — your own God.'' And for that reason
accept baptism, you and your race, and ye shall Uve, or come
out against me to fight that you may receive an ignoble death."°

Said Agiolandus, "my God hath not so ordered it, but I and
my race shall fight against you and your race on this condition,
if your law be better than our law and if you gain victory in
battle over us, let those of us who are overthrown be disgraced^
and let those who overthrow them find praise and rejoicing
for ever, and if my race be overthrown I shall accept baptism to
save my hfe."**

And that was conceded by them on each side, and first there
were chosen twenty Christian knights on the íield of battle against
twenty knights of the Saracens, and they began to íight on this
condition, and the Saracens were all killed. Forty were sent
against forty, and the Saracens were slain in like manner. A
hundred were sent against a hundred, and the Saracens were slain.
Again a hundred were sent against a hundred, and the Christian
hundred fied back and they were all killed. And the reason of
this was that they were afraid of being killed. For those who
desire to war for the Christian faith ought not to fiy or be
afraid. For as those Christians were killed, though they did
fly, even so with the Christians whose duty it is to make a
strong íight against sins, if they fall back into sin they shall
meet an ignoble death, but if they fight well they shall utterly
slay their enemies, namely the devils, who cause them to commit

* ad orcum. ^ The last forty-five words arc not in the Latiu texts.

* ut male moriaris. ^ Lit. "to be in life." Latin, "si vivere possim."

38 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Or adubhuirt in t-eshal 'ni fhuighi coroin acht an nech cathaíg/ífes
co dlcstineach.' Do cuir^d iar sin da chet in aghaidh dá chét, ocus
do m2i.rhadh na Seirrisdínigh uiU. Do cuir^d míle anaghaidh
míle ocus do ma.Thadh na Seirrisdínigh. Do ghabhadur osadh
da gach thaebh' d'aithle in cathMjg'^thi sin, ocus tainic Agiolandus
do labhairt re Serlus, ocus is edh adubhairt : "Da.ingnighim'^ gurub
fearr creidium ocus dliged na Cristaighi ina na Seirrisdineach," ^
ocus do gheall do Sherlus co ngebudh fein ocus a chinedh hdastedh
cuca ar n-a mharflc/í. Ocus do impo cum a muinntiri iar sin,
ocus do innis da maithibh [agus d'a mór-uaisle F.] co ngebad
fein baistedh cuigi. Ocus do fhogair doib-siuw uih hddsiedh do
ghab/jflí7 cuca, ocus do cedwigh. drong dhibh sin, ocus do loc an
cuid ele.

AN T-AENMAD SGEL DHEG ANND SO. F.

Tainig Agiolandus cum Serluis do gabhail haistidh* chuice ar
n-a mharach, a timcheall in treas uair do lo, ocus do connaic se
Serlus ag dul cum bidh, ocus moran do bordaibh ic a ndeisinghadh
'na áuis,^ ocus moran d'orduibh ag caithemh bidh orra, ocus cuid
dibh a n-aibitibh ridireadh, ocus cuid a n-aibid duibh mha.nach,^
ocus drong a n-aihid ghil cawanach, ocus drong a n-aibitibh cléireach,
ocus moran eJe ocus aibide ecsamhla umpa.

Do fhiar/flí>/z Agiolandus do Sherlus ga cenel da gach ord
dibh-sin fo \eith ?

Do fhregair Serlus do ocus adubhairt, "in drong ud do chi
uma bhfuihV/ aibide ocus erradh^ aen ndatha, easbuig ocus sacairt
ar rechtsi-ne súd, mhínig/zis aithinta ar ndligid duin, ocus do heir
eshuloid dun in ar p^cthaibh ; in drong úd do chí ocus aibidi
dubha impaib, manuigh ocus abiaidh súd, ocus daine naemtha,
ocus ni scurit do sir ag eadarguighi in aein-dia uih-cumachtaigh
tar ar cend-ne, ac cantain trath ocus aithfr^ww ocus urnaighthi." ^

1. gacha taebha E. & H. 2 admaim H. 3. E. omits last eleven words.
4. ocus do gab haistedh cuici H. 5. moran bord aca tocbail na cathraid H.
6. Manaigh F. E. & H. omit "duibh." "an aibiti dubha ocus berréd
[birréit H.] aen datha asbuic ocus" E. & H. F. reads "beirti" for "erradh."
Lis. has ewn for aen. 7. ocus in drong ud do cithi a.nnaibidibh gela,

ca.na.naigh riaghalta sud, ocus bid mar in cedna ag guidhi, etc, F. óc E.
H. resembles this. 8. H. omits last seven words.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 39

sin. For the apostle has said, "no one but he who shall battle
lawfully shall obtain a crown." After that there were sent two
hundred against two hundred and the Saracens were all slain.
A thousand were sent against a thousand and the Saracens were
slain.

They accepted a truce on both sides after that fighting, and
Agiolandus came to speak to Charles and it was what he said,
'T affirm* that better is the religion and law of the Christians
than of the Saracens," and he promised Charles that he himself
and his race would receive baptism on the morrow. And he
retumed to his people after that and told his chiefs and nobles
that he himself would accept baptism. And he issued a proclama-
tion to them all to receive baptism. And some consented to that,
and the rest refused.

ELEVENTH CHAPTER.

Agiolandus came to Charles to receive baptism on the morrow,
about the third hour of the day ; and he saw Charles going to
dine and many tables being laid in his camp'' and many orders [of
clergy] eating food at them, some of them in the habits of knights
and some in the black habit of monks, and some in the white
habit of canons, and some in the habit of clerics, and many others
clad in various habits.

Agiolandus asked Charles what kind was each order of them,
separately.

Charles answered him and said, "that band which you see
clothed in habits and equipments of the same colour are bishops
and priests of our religion'^ who explain to us the commandments
of our law, and give us absolution in our sins ; yonder band whom
you behold clad in black habits, they are monks and abbots, and
holy people,* and they cease not continuously to make intercession
with the one Almighty God, in our behalf, chanting canonical-
hours and masses and prayers." After that Agiolandus saw in a

* daingnighim is an interesting translation of the Latin athrmare. '^árus

usually "a dwelling" or "abode" seems to be sometimes used in this text

íor "camp." '^ Lit. "law." ^ sanctiores.

ao GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR

As a aithle sin do connaic Agiolandus, a cuil eicin do chuirt Sherluis
impm, dá bhocht dec, a n-aibit truaigh bhoicht ocus siat na suidhe
ar in talíím gan bhuird gan scoraidi 'na bhfhiadhnwwi, ocus
gan acht bíJcan bidh ocus dighc acu aga chaithimh, ocus do
fhisiívaiqh Agiolandus ca cenel daine dhoibh.

Adubhairt Serlus : "tecA/airedha o n-ar Tighearna o Mhac
De sud biathmaid gach lai fa nuimtV in da esb«/ dec."

Adubhairt Agiolandus "in árong so ata laimh rit-sa is sa.idhbhir
iat, ocus is saidbíV ithid ocus ihid ocus eidighthert;' iat. In mhuinn-
ter úd Sideiri is teachtaireadha do Dia, cred fa leice' a ndul do
ghorta ocus a ndrocheidedh ocus a rm a bhfad uait^ ocus a mi-
anoTughadh." ocus adubhairt, "as olc umhlaighius d'a thigerna in
ti gabus a teachia. gu dochvaidh chuigi ocus is mor in naire do ní
d'a^ Dhia fein in te do heir drochsheirbhis da wiuinntir. Ocus do
dhliged fein adubrais do hheith maith, foillsigi anois a hheith fallsa." *
Ocus ar ngabaí7 cheda do o^ Sherlus do imthigh cuvn. a mhuinntire
fein m.aille re scannuil [moir F.] ocus do dhiult baisdedh do ghabhail
cuigi, ocus d'fhocuir cath ar na marach ar Sherlus. Ocus do tuicc
Serlus gurab ar son na mbocht do connaic Agiolandus co mianorach
do diult se in baisteí//í ; ocus ar a son sin, na huili boc[h]t fuair
Serlus ar a sh\m.ighedh^ do urail heith fnchnamhach riu, ocus
biadh ocus deoch ocus edach do thabhairt doibh cu lor.' Ar an
didhhar sin as in-twctha dh'aire^ gurab mor in choir^ da gach
Crisiaighi nach tabhair seirbhis frichnamach'" do bochtuibh Crist.
Ocus o do mliill Serlus ivnpir Agiolandus ocus a cinedh ar son
gur vnhisiviovaigh Serlus na boict," cindus bias don droing do hhetr
drochs/íeúbhis do bochtuibh De,'^ do'n lo deighivieach, ocus cinnus
eistíit siat guth adhuathmar in tigsarna a.déara. riu 'lmthighidh
uaim'^ a w\haca. no a lucht''* na mallacht isin teiviidh marthanaígA.
Or in uair do bi ocarus oram ni thucab/íí?r hiadh dhamh, ocus in

1. cad fa leigidh E. leitid H. 2. a cur iiait afat ocus amian orradh E.

"ocus amian ort" F. H. omits. 3. do F. & H. "doneochdoheir" etc.^Tí.

4. faillsa Lis. E. reads "ocus do dligheadh a heith comaith riu, ocus
íoill— " etc. 5. a F. ac H. 6. "ar sl— " E. & F. 7. co leoir do

tohhairt doibh ocus a.neideadh coromor E. 8. is intuca do gach nech E.
9. cair F. & E. 10. uasal E. & F. 11. Last seventecn words omitted

in E. 12. Dia E. & F. 13. uainn F. buaim E. 14. H. reads "a lucht
na mallachtan," tho "no a lucht" is evidentlj' a marginal note oí an alter-
native reading which has crept into the text.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 41

certain corner of Charles the emperor's court twelve poor men
in pitiable poor weeds, and they sitting on the ground without
tables or tablecloths* before them, and with only a Httle food
and drink for them to partaUe of. And Agiolandus asked what
kind of people were those.

Charles said, "those are messengers from our Lord, from the
son of God, whom we feed every day according to the number of
the twelve apostles."

Agiolandus said "these people who are beside thee are
rich, and richly do they eat and drink and are clothed. Yon
band who are, you say, the messengers of your God, why do
you leave them to suffer'' famine and to be in bad clothing, and
to be put far away from you, and to be dishonoured" ? And he
said, "badly does he obey his lord who receives his messengers
with dishonour," and great is the shame which he causes** to his
own God, the man who gives evil service to His people. And
your own law which you said was good, you show now that it is
false." And taking leave of Charles he departed to his own
people with scandal^ and refused to accept baptism, and on the
morrow he challenged Charles to battle. And Charles understood
that it was on account of the poor whom Agiolandus had seen in
dishonourable condition that he refused baptism. And on that
account every poor person whom Charles found upon his hostings'
[thenceforwardj he gave orders to be liberal^ with them and give
them food and drink and clothing in plenty. For that reason it
is to be observed that great is the crime for every Christian who
does not give earnest service to the poor of Christ. And as the
emperor Charles spoilt'' [the Christianizing of] Agiolandus and
his race because he had dishonoured the poor, how shall it be
with those who give evil service to the poor of God, at the last
day, and how shall they listen to the awful voice of the
Lord which shall say to them, ' Depart from me ye accursed
into everlasting íire, for when I was an hungered ye gave

* sine mensa sine linteaminibus comedentes. ^ Lit. let them go to famine,

"cur fame pereunt." •= Turpiter. '^ Lit. "does," "verecundiam facit."

« These two words are not in the Latin. ^ or "armies" "in exercitu" L«í.

^Lit. diligent. Latin has "diligenter procuravit." •" Perdidit.

42 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

tan do bi tart ni tucabhar deoch. Ma a.seadh is intMtcthi gurab
beag foghnas dhged De na a chreideamh don Qhribtaighi muna
coimhhna' iat á' oihx eachaih. Or adeir in Scriptur áiadha 'mar is
marbh in corp^ gan anum is mar sin is marb in creidiumh^ ann
fein gan na hoibreacha maithe.' Ocus mar do sheacha.[n in rí
Padan/a in baistedh ar son nach facaidh se oibreacha'* certa in
hha.istidh ag Serlus impiri, is mar sin ata a egla orum nach faicfe
Dia creidium in ha.istidh innainn o nach fuighi se oibreacha in
h&istidh againn a lo in hreithea.mhna.is.

IN DARA SGEL DHEG.

Tancatur ar na mharach na sluaigh armdha eiáighthi da gach
taebh ar in machuiri cum ca.thaighthi ar imrisan^ in da dliged.
Ocus do bhi sluagh Sherluis ceithre niile dec ar fhichit céd^ ocus do
bhi sluagh Agiolanduis ced míle ocus do ronsat na Cristaighi ceithre
tosaig' dibh fein cum in chatha, ocus do rineadar na Seirrisdínigh
a ruic, ocus do cuadar da chorughadh^ dibh sin chum cdithaighthi
re cheH ocus do claied^ na Seirrisdínigh a chedoir, ocus in dara'°
cuideachta do cuireadar na Fadhanaigh^^ do claiedh iat mar an
cedna [ocus a c^ííoir F.] Ar na fhaicsin dona Va.dhanachaibh
didbrtjV ro mhor ar a shiagha.ihh do thinoiletar a timchioll Agio-
landuis, ocus mar do conncatar na Cristaighi sin tancatar a timchioll
Serluis^"'^ da gach thaeibh .i. Arnalldus de Bellanda a taeibh dhibh
cona sluaghaib, ocus Estultus cona shluagh a taeibh eli [ocus
Aruitantus (?) rí co nasluaghaibataeb ele díb H.] ocus Gaudebolldus'*
cona shluagh a taeibh ele, ocus Othgerus ri cona shhiagh a taebh
eile, ocus Consantinus Romanus cona shluagh a taeibh eh, Serlus
ocus prinnsada''* na sluagh a taeibh eh, ag sdiúradh'% muinntiri,
ocus do thinnscnadar a sduic umaidhi do sheinm, ocus tucadar

I. E. adds "tu." H. reads mowa comlínait hé. 2. mar ata an corp
marbh E., H. & F. 3. ata an cr marb E. & F. 4. Thus F. & E.
oibrigthi Lis. 5. imrisin E. &. F. E. reads creidim for "dUged."
6. After .xx. Lis. has "-\" written above thc line. 7. dronga E. H. & F.
8. "da coruga" E. omitting dibh sin. "da corug díb" H., in each case with
a stroke over the g. 9. claXáh.edh £. & H. claidhi F. 10. "da" F.

II. E. & F. add "chúcu." 12. Thus F. The other three MSS. read "ina
timchell." 13. Gaudebolldus de bel — E. 14. Serlus prinnsa na sl. [an

tsl H.] E. & H. 15. ac sonnadh E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 45

me no meat, when I was athirst ye gave me no drink." If so,
it is to be understood that neither the law of God nor his
rehgion will be of much profit to the Christian unless he carry
them out in worlcs." For the Holy Scripture says 'as the body
is dead without a soul, so is faith dead in itself without good works.'
And as the Pagan king shunned baptism because he did not see
the proper works of baptism with the emperor Charles, even so
I am afraid that God will not see the faith of baptism in us, if
he íind not the works of baptism in us on the day of Judgment.

TWELFTH CHAPTER.

The hosts came on the morrow, in arms and armour from each
side, on to the plain to light in the quarrel of the two rehgions."
And Charles's army numbered one hundred and thirty-four
thousand and the army of Agiolandus was one hundred thousand.
And the Christians made four fronts" of themselves against the
battle, and the Saracens made íive. And two divisions of them
advanced to íight with one another, and the Saracens were at
once overthrown. And the second company which the Paynims
sent, they were overthrown, and speedily, in like manner. When
the Paynims saw very great losses [inílicted] on their hosts they
gathered round about Agiolandus. And, as soon as the Christians
saw that, they gathered round Charles on every side, namely,
Arnold De Bellanda on one side with his hosts and Estultus with
his host on another side, and King Arvitantus (?) with his hosts
on another side of them, and GandeboUdus with his host on another
side, and King Othgerus'* with his host on another side, and
Constantinus Romanus^ with his host on another side, and
Charles with the princes of the hosts on another side directing
their people, and they commenced to blow their brazen trumpets,

"Lit. 'íulfil them of works.' ^ Lit. "laws" "legum." <• acies.

<* Otgerius C. Ogerius Fr., i.e. Ogier the Dane. ^ both Latin texts omit

"Romanus."

44 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ucht ar a cheli ocus do cha.thaighseat co dúr ocus co dichra. Do
chuaidh Arnalldus de Bellanda ortha ar tus ocus do dhithz^/i cu
mor iat d'á dheis ocus d'á cU, no gu rainic Agiolandus a medhon *
a mhuinntiri, ocus do ben a cXaidheamh amach ocus do innsaigh
Agiolandus ocus do mharbh he. Is ann sin do ronad eighe''^ ocus
ilgháirthe mora coscair ocus cowmaidme ag na Cristaighihh ocus
do thimchiWe adar na Seirrisdineacha do gach thaeb, ocus do
mharbhadar in méid sin dibh innus nach desichaidh beo dona
Fadsinchaibh uatha acht amhain ri Sibilie, ocus Altamaior^ ri
Cordubie.^ Or do theithset maille becan do Seirv isdíneachaibh
leo. Ocus do doirt^d in mhétd^ sin d'fuil in la sin, innus co mad
eidir leis na claiteoraibh snamh a bhfuil na Pada.nach. Do chuatar
iarom na Cristaighi isin cathaiV istech, ocus do mharbhsat^ a
bhfuaradar do Seirr isdíneachaibh innti. Ocus mar do cha.thaigh
Serlus anaghaidh Agiolatiduis ar son an Creidimh Cristaighi ocus
mar do mharbh se he, as follus co teit dhged na Cristaighi tar gach
uiU dliged, et cetera. O a Cn'síaidhi, da connmhair' in creidium
co maith ad craidhi ocus a coimUnrtd d'oibrighthibh cu firindeach ^
airdeochthar thu os cinn na n-aingeal isin fhlaithemhnas nemhdha
a bhfhochair do thighearna .i, Isu Crist. Gidheadh cach a mad
ail^ dul suas, creit gu daingen. Or adííV an Tighearna 'ata gach
uile ní ar breith {no cowfls)'" don tí creitfes.'

'Na dhiaigh sin do thinoil Serlus a shluagh ar mbeith
ghairdechais mhoir air don bhuaigh ruc, ocus tainic gu droichet
Arge" ar shghidh San Sem. Ocus is ann sin do rindi íádchideacht.^'^

AN TREAS SGEL DHEC ANN SO. F.

Ocus na dhiaigh sin do chuaidh cnideachta. dona Cristaighibh
gan fhis do Sherlus cum an inrtí"d a tugad in cath, ocus iat ar na
meaUadh'^ do shaint spreidhi na marbh, an n-oighthi andiaigh in

1. ar lar H., E. & F. 2. eigmhe E. & F. 3. Altamaghor F

4. Cornubia F., H. & E. 5. F. reads here and generally elsewhere medi

íor méid. E. also reads mede or meide. Lis. generally reads "met" but
once or twice "méid." 6. dicennadar F. dicendadar H. dice«^adh E
7. connmhais Lis. 8. E. & F. omit last six words. 9. madh ailt

F. & E. 10. Lis. writes these words in small letters over "breith."

E., H. & F. both "ar cumas [comas H.'i and omit "breith." 11. Airgi
H. & F. Airge E. 12 A\gheacht E. Aidheacfit F. aedaigecht an oidche
sin déis a coscair ruc H. 13. dalladh E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 45

and they faced one another and they fought hardily and vigorously.
Arnold De Bellanda came on them* first and infiicted great losses
on them, right and left, until he reached Agiolandus in the midst
of his people, and he drew out his sword and attaclced Agiolandus
and killed him. It was then shouts and great cries of slaughter
and triumph arose'* amongst the Christians, and they surrounded
the Saracens on every side and they slew of them all who were
there" so that there went not alive of the Paynims from them
but only the King of Sibilie** and Altamaior, King of Cordubia.**
For they fied with a few of the Saracens with them. And there
was so much blood shed that the victors could have swum in the
blood of the Paynims.

Afterwards the Christians entered the city and they slew all
the Saracens that they found in it.

And as Charles warred against Agiolandus on behalf of the
Christian faith, and as he slew him, so it is obvious that the law
of the Christians goes beyond each and every law, et cetera.* O
Christian if thou keep the faith well in thy heart and fulfill it
with works, truly thou shalt be exalted above the angels in the
heavenly kingdom into the presence of thy Lord, even Jesus Christ.
So then each [of you] who would desire to ascend — believe firmly,
for the Lord saith everything is within the reach (or under the
power) of him who shall' beheve.

After that, Charles collected his army, being greatly rejoiced
at the victory he had obtained, and came to the bridge of Arge on
the road to St. James. And it was there he made entertainment.^

THIRTEENTH CHAPTER.

And after that a company of the Christians went, unknown to
Charles, to the place where the battle had been fought, they being
beguiled by greed for the possessions of the slain, [going thither]

"irruit. ^ Lit. "were made." " Lit. "that number of them," "illos omnes."

^ Sibiliae Cordubiae i.e. Seville and Cordova. * No "ctc." in the Latin.

' omnia possiblia sunt credenti. ^ hospitatus est.

46 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

chatha do thabhairt. Ocus ar mbreith oii ocus aircí7 ocus moran
do neiíhibh uaish ele do thoghadar fein do mhaithios na ndaine
marbh leo [d'impaidlndar tar a n-ais F.] Ag impodh dhoibh cum a
foslongphuirt fein aris, tarla Altumaior ri Cordubie' cona muinntir
dhoibh.2 Ar tcitheadh dho^' as an cath remhraitti do bhadur ar
na bhíolach a ngleanntuibh no gu tarla in drong sin cucti, ocus do
innsaighedar iat ocus do marbhadar na Cristaighi co h-imlán,
ocus ba headh^ do ma.rbhadh ami a timceall mile fer.

As baramhail don bhuidhin sin^ na Cristaighi claies^ a pecaidh
isin bhfaisidin ocus impaidios ar uraiHm in diabail cum na p^cadh
cédna aris. Or mar do impaigedar in drong ud ar gclodh a namhat
do' shaint spreighe na marbh, ocus do mharbhsat a namhait iat,
as mar sin da gach uili Cristaighi claies^ a lochta fein ocus ghabhas
penos* ni dlighid do impod aris cum na marbh .i. cum na pecadh,
ar teitheadh co muirbhfitis a namad he ,i. na diabail. Ocus mar
do im-paigeadar in drong ut cum sbreighi na ndaine ele ocus do
leiceadw in beihsi so uatha ocus fuaradar fein bas anuasal, is mar
sin in^ lucht uird leices in saeg/m/ uatha ocus impí?das^° aris cum
na betha cédna," leicit uatha in betha. n^rtmMha ocus fillit iat fein
a mbas na mbas.'^

AN CEATRUMAD SGEL DHEC ANN SO.

La ele na dhiaigh sin do íoiWsigheadh do Sherlus gu raibe ar
Sliabh Garsrem'^taiseach do thaiseachaibh Nauarrorum'* dar ainm
Furre'^ ocus gur b'ail leis cath do chommorad anaghaidh Serluis.
Ocus ar teacht do Sherlus cum an tsléibhi sin do dheisig in prindsa
sin'^ he fein cum catha do thabhuirt do ar na mharach. Ocus in
agaidh roim in cath do rinne Serlus eadurghuighi [díchra H.] cum

1. Cornubia E., H. & F. passim. 2. dalladh E. 3. noch do theith roime
sin a cath na Seirrisdineach ocus do bhadar ar na f." etc. E. The text oi H.
írom the beginning oí the chapter is quite diftcrentlv arranged and shorter.
4. do be a nuimir E. & F. "do bé mct" H. 5. don da cudeachtain

so E. don cuideaclatain so H. 6. noch claidhiws E. claidws F. claides H
7. tri F. tre E. 8. pinos cuigi F. aithreachas chuige E. H. omits.
9. don F. in E. 10. inntaighics E. indtaige.= H. 11. betha an

tshaeghail F. 12. Lis. has above the lino the words "vel an bais."

13. Garsrime F. Gasrime H. Gasariwie E. 14 Nabarrorum F. H. omits.
15. Fuirre E., H. & F. 16. "sin" from E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 47

the night after the battle had been waged. And having taken
[thence] with them gold and silver and many other precious things
which they had chosen themselves of the goods of the slain they
returned again. On returning to their own camp [however]
Altumaior," King of Cordubia, with his people met them. Having
íled from the afore-mentioned battle they were hiding in glens
until this party fell in with them, and they attacked them and
slew the Christians utterly. And the number they killed was
about a thousand men.

A simiHtude to that band are those Christians who blot out''
their sin in confession and return at the bidding of the devil to
the same sins again. For as that band returned," [to plunder]
having defeated their enemies, out of greed for the posessions of the
dead, and their enemies slew them, even so is it with every
Christian who overcomes his own faults and accepts penitence f
he ought not to turn again to the dead, that is to sins, fiying till
his enemy slay him, that is the devils. And just as that troop
turned towards the possessions of the other people, and let this
hfe go from them, and came themselves to an ignoble death, even
so do those members of Orders who put the world away from them
and yet turn again to the same hfe [as of old] let the heavenly Ufe
go from them and return themselves into the death of deaths.

FOURTEENTH CHAPTER.

Another day after that it was disclosed* to Charles that there
was on the mountain of Garsrem,' one of the chiefs of the
Navarri, whose name was Furre, and that he desired to give battle
to Charles. And on Charles coming to that mountain the prince pre-
pared himself to give battle to him on the morrow. And the night
before the battle Charles made fervent intercession to God to show

»i.e. Almanzor, King of Cordova. '' Hi vero typum genmt fidelium

pro peccatis certantium sed postea ad vitia redeuntium quia sicut illi, etc.
•^ ad mortuos redierunt. <' poenitentiam accepit. * nunciatumest.

' "Gargim" C. "Gargini" Fr., a corruption of Montjardin according to

Gaston Paris.

48 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Dia ma a íhoillsí"í/g//rtd do cia da mhuinntir do gheb«d bas isin
cath ar na marach. Ocus do {o'úhighed comartha dearg a bhíighair
na croichi cesda ar guaMaibh na ndaine do bhi cum tuitme. Ocus
mar do connuic Serluis an comurtha sin ar an droing sin do chuir
fo iadhadh^ iat an a shaipeP da s^acAna ar bas [annsa cath.^] As
dothamaisc breitheamhnas De ocus is doi-eoluis a shligthi.'* Ar
cri[c]hnughadh in chatha ocus ar máThhadh in p/mnnsa dar ainm
Fí^^re maille tri míle Seirrisdíneach, in drong fhacuibh Serlus fo
iadhadh fuair gan anmain iat ; ocus is e lin do batar .i. tri
caogaid.^ O a claiteoire ro naemhtha gin gur ben claidheam bur
n-aibí>seora rib^ nir leiceabhair coroin na martireach uaibh. Ocus
uadha so amach do thindscam Serlus sliabh Garsim' ocus talamh
Nauarrorum* do bheith aigi fein.

AN CUIGED SGEL DHEC.

Na dhiaigh sin do ioiWsigheadh do Sherlus co tainicc eathach^
dar ainm Feireacutus do chenel Golias a cúchibh na Sorcha ar na
cur do Admiranntus'" .i. ri na Baibiloine do chathwg/zadh anaghaidh
Serluis maille fichií míle Padanac^. Ocus ase inadh a rabhatar
in tan sin isin cathair re n-abar Folnagerus." Ocus ni bhid egla
gai na saigdi na airm eli ar in Seirsineach soin. Do cuaid Serlus
a cedoir cum na cathrach sin ocus mar do cua.\aidh Fereacutus
Serlus do thecht do chuaidh fein tar an cathvaigh amach ocus do
iar comrac aein íir. Do cuir^d o Sherlus in uair sin Ogerus cum
an aithígA'^ ocus mar do connuic in t-aitheach e do dluthaigh
chuicce'^ ocus do ghlac ar laimh dheis he ocus ruc leis ar a mhuin
cona armuibh, ocus a roibhe ann sin do shluaghuibh aga fheithimh,

I. iadhuga E., with stroke over the g. iadad H. 2. iwashepel E.
thseipel F. H. omits. 3. Last two words from E. & F. 4. The last
nine words are omitted in F., H. & E., which read cad (ca F.) tu do Serlus.
H. "cidh tú," the equivalent of "quid plura." 5. .x. ocus secht .xx.
F., H. & E. 6. do namat riut E. H. omits the whole sentence.
7. Thus E., H. & F. 8. Thus H., F. & E. Lis. rcads "díachail do b.a.f."
9. athach E. ethach H 10 adhmirandus F. & E. H. omits.

II. nagerM.'! F., H. & E. 12. fathaigh E 13. co min cuigi F. & E

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 49

him who of his people would die in the battle on the morrow.
And there was revealed to him a red sign in the shape of the cross
of crucifixion on the shoulders of the people who were to fall.
And when Charles saw that sign on those people he locked them
up in his chapeP to avoid death for them in th'^ battle. Inscrut-
able'' (?) is the judgment of God and unknowable*' are his w^ays.
And on finishing the battle and s1aying the prince whose name
was Furre, together with three thousand Saracens, the people
whom Charles had left shut up he found hfeless, and the number
who were there was thrice íifty. O most holy victors,'^ although
no sword of your adversary touched you, ye did not put from
you the martj'r's crown. And from this out Charles began to
possess to himself the mountain of Garsim and the land of the
Navarri.^

FIFTEENTH CHAPTER.

After that it was disclosed' to Charles that there had come a
giant of the name of Feracutus^ of the race of Goliath from the
lands of Sorcha,'' he being sent by Admirantus,' that was the King
of Babylon, to fight against Charles with twenty thousand Pagans,
and the place where they were at that time was the city which
is called Folnagerus.^ And that Saracen used to have no fear of
spear or arrow or other weapon. Charles went to that city at
once and when Feracutus heard that Charles had come he himself
went out from the city and asked for single combat. Then there
was sent by Charles, Ogerus" against the giant, and when the
giant saw him he came close to him' and caught him by the
right hand, and took him on his back with his weapons, — all
the hosts that were there looking on, — and he never halted

* in oratorio. ^^ quam incomprehensibilia. "investigabiles. "^oChristi
pugnatorum sanctissima caterva. ^ Tunc Karolus cepit castrum montis
Gargim in suum, totamque patriam Navarrorum. * Nunciatum.

« Ferracutus in both the Latin texts. Pulci in his Morgante calls this
giant Ferran. Elsewhere we find him called Ferragus. It is from this
■chapter that the Italian conception of Roland (Orlando) is derived. Thev
also took Ferracutus or Ferragus as the type of a Saracen knight. Agrican,
Mandricard and Rodomont are drawn from him as their prototvpe. See
Castets' note on this chapter. '' Lat. Syriae, see Gadelica, p. 274.

' Babilonis Admiraldus. í Both Latin texts read "Apud Nageram."

'' Ogerius Fr. Otgei-ius C. i.c. Ogier the Dane. 'suaviter juxta illum

vadit.

50 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ocus nír an no gur chuir a prisun he, a.mhail chairigh cenwuis.'
Do batar imorro da fhedh dec isin aitheach sin ocus do b' adhbhul
íat a aighthe. Ocus do batur cethra bannlama an gach laimh
ocus an gach \mgain dó, ocus tri ferdhuirn"'^ in gach mher d'a
mheraibh. larsin do cuir Serlus Renalldus^ de Alba Spina cum
an Siithigh, ocus do glac in t-aitheach ar laim he ocus rwc leis cum
in p/ínsuin mar in cd't duini.'* Do cuiredh iar sin Constantinus
rí Romanach ocus Oelh^.s^ iarla da insaigíáA ocus do glac ar aein-
shhghidh iat .i. duine dhibh da dheis ocus duine da cU, ocus do
chuir isin prisún cedna iat. Do cuíVthe iar sin dias gach n-uaire
chuigi ocus do chuiredh isin prisun uiH iat. Ar na íaicsin sin do
na sluaghaib ocus ar mheith ingantuis mhoir acu dhe, ni fhuair
Serlus fer comraic dhó o sin suas.^ Do chonnuic Rolanndus
prinnsa shhtaigh Sherluis Mhoir nar leic dJ egla dh'aenduine dul**
anaghaidh in aithigh. Ar mbeiih dothcais aigi as a Dia fein,
gin gu fuair sé ced toltanach o Sherlus, ocus se^ daingen isin c^eidium
do chuaidh se do csiíhughaá ris in Va.danach. Ocus do bhi egla
mor ar Serlus, or do bhi Rolandus og in uair sin, ocus do bo mian
leis-sin a íosdadh, ocus do ghuigh a Thighearna um a sha.evadh
o laimh in aithigh amhail mar do rinne Dabhid^*^ o GhoHas ocus
co tugad se sesmhad^' do anaghaidh a namhat. Mar do connuic
in t-aitheach Rolandus chuige tainig na choinne''-^ ocus do glac
he ocus do chuir ar a belaibh he da bhreiih leis cum in p/zhsuin.
Ar bhfhaghail fhurtachta ocus neirt o Dia do Rolandus do glac
se in t-eathacA co laidíV ar smeic'^ ocus do impo tar ais ar a ech
é ocus do thniteadar cum talmaw ar aeinsHHgíd, ocus do eirghedar
[araen F.] ar aeinshligid, ocus do chuatar ar a n-echaibh ocus do
ben Rolandus a claidheamh amach dar ainm DurendaHs''* ocus
tuc builH cum in aithigh ocus do gherr a ech ar dhó. Ar mbeith
d'Ferreacutus da chois do bhi a cXaidheamh nocht in a laimh ocus

1. amhaíZ do hheith caera romin aige F. & E. H. has "co caercham," with
stroke over the m, which seems wrong. 2. Thns Lís. & H. íeaihduirn

F. & E. 3. rolandus E. renallus delbaspina H. 1. F. and E. omit

"duini." H. has "docum an prisuin .c." ,'>. hoellus E., H. & F. 6. do
obadar a comrac osin amach H. 7. an F., H. & E. 8. dula Lís. dnl H.
9. e E. & F. H. omits these words. 10. do saeradh dabith (danidh H.)
o GaiUas F. (GoHas H.) GuiUas F. 11. co tuca se sesmach e E. H. omits.
12. do chuir a laimh ann E. 13. sic Lis. & H. smcig F. & E.

14. dubrendalis H.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 51

till he had placed him in prison like a gentle sheep.^ Twelve
fathoms in height was that giant, and huge was the length of
his face. And there were four cubits in each hand and in each
shin^ of him, and [the bulk of ?] three men's fists in each of his
fingers. After that Charles sent Renaldus" de Alba Spina to the
giant, and the giant caught him by the hand and bore him with
him to the prison like the first man. After that there were sent
Constantinus, a Roman ^ing," and Earl® Oellus to him, and he
caught them both togethcr,' one of them in his right and the other
in his left hand, and he put them into the same prison. There
were sent after that in couples to him each time, and he used to
put them all in prison. When the hosts beheld that, they being
greatly amazed at it, Charles found no man to do battle with
him from that out. Roland,* the prince of Charles the Great's
army, saw that fear did not permit any man to go against the
giant. He having trust in his own God,' albeit he got no wilhng
leave from Charles, ''and being íirm in the faith," went to battle
with the Paynim. 'And Charles was in great fear, for Roland
was young at that time, and he wished to stop him, and he be-
sought the Lord to save him out of the hand of the giant, as he
saved David from Goliath, and that he might give him [power]
to stand against his enemy.'

When the giant saw Roland coming towards him, he came
to meet him and seized him, and put him in front of him to carry
him with him to the prison. But Roland receiving relief and
help from God seized the giant powerfully by the chin, and turned
him backwards upon his steed, and they fell to the ground together,
and they arose together, and mounted their steeds [again], and
Roland drew his sword whose name was Durendahs,^ and gave
a blow to the giant and cut his horse in two. And Feracutus
being on foot had his sword naked in his hand and threatened

■ mitissima ovis. "cennuis"="cennsa" ? '' brachia et crura. C. Not

in Fr. * Rainaldus. ^ Rex Romanus. « Comes. ^ Liierallv "on

one way," the expression ar aeinshhgid is used in this and cognate texts
in the meaning oí "together." Lat. "ambo pariter." ''-BNot in the

Latin. ^-^ Not in Latin. '"' Not in the Latin. 1 The Latin texts do

not mention the name of the sword.

52 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

dc) rinno bagar ar Rolandus ocus do buail Rolandus do cXaidh-
eamh he ocus ni d^rna mchoid do. Gidheadh do theilg a c]aidheamh
as laimh in aithigh. Ocus ar ndul a claidhimh uadha tuc dorn d'
hmsdiigídh Rolanduis ocus do bhuail a ech 'na hedan ocus do thuit
si cum iíúmhan ocus fuair bas.' Ocus 'na dhiaigh sin do bhatar
araen da cois gan cXaidheamh ag cechtar dhibh, ag CQ.ihitghaá le
cXochaibh'^ ocus le a ndornuibh go noin. Ocus ar techt don
eshariz.\n cuca fuair Ferreacutus os«d com/zraic o Rolandus. Ocus
do orduigheadar etorra fein co ticfaitis^ ar na marach chum a cheih
gan eich gan arm, ocus do aentuigheadar in ní sin, ocus do impo
gach neach da arus fein acu in 2igaid [leg. adazg] sin. Ocus tancatar
cu moch* ar na mharach a coinne a chele da cois mar do ghealladar,
ocus tuc Ferreacutus claidheamh leis, ocus nír fhodhuin^ dó, or
rwc Rolandus bata^ fada remhar leis ocus do bhi ac cath//g/?ad
leis in mbata f edh in lai. Gidheadh ni derna urchóid d' Ferreacutus .
Ar bhfhaghail osíííd o Rolandus d'Ferreacutus do ghabh codladh
mor he. Ocus ar mbeith isin codladh sin don fhir mhor do chuir
Rolandus [.i. an macam og udisal sin],' cloch fo n-a chenn innus
cu mad usaidi dho codladh do denam, ocus nir lamh Crisiaigi
[annsa doman an uair sin^] a dhith do dhenam. Or do bhi nos
eaturra gebe don dá droing sin do Chrisiaighibh no do Seimsdín-
eachaibh do bherad osfld da cheU nach dingentai mchóid etorra,
ocus da mhrisedh neach in t-osad sin roimh a ré a hhsisughadh
a ceífoir.

Ar n-eirghi d'Ferreacutus as a chodladh do shuidh^ Rolandus
laimh ris, ocus do íhia.rfaigh de*'* cinnus do bi se a com arrachta
sin ocus a comh cruaidh nach roibhe egla aigi roim claidheamh
na roimh cloich na roim arm ele." Adubhairt in fer mor "ni
h-eidir fuilwíg/ífld orum acht am' imleagan."'^ Ar na clos sin do

I . cum \ai}' ocus do chuaidh a hanum aiste E. 2. E. & F. omit clochaibh
H. has "can arm acht a nduirnn." 3. The last few lines are differently
phrased in F. & E. 4. annsa camair F. cowair E. 5. coma.in do E.
H. omits. 6. ni ruc Rolandus ach bata fada reamar leis E. 7. Last
íive words írom E. & F. 8. Last five words írom F. E. & F. read after
that "íi ma.rhhadh. H. turns the sentence quite difíerentl}- and reads buain
ris. 9 druid E. tt H. 10. E. adds co companta. H. mar companach.

II. na roim arm ele sa domhan E. 12. am imlican F. & E. imlecan H.

E. adds "amhain."

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 53

Roland, and Roland sniote him with his sword but did him no
hurt, howbeit he knocked the sword out of the giant's hand. And
when his sword went from him he made a blow with his fist at
Roland and struck his horse in the face, and it fell to the ground
and died.* And after that thev were both on foot, and neither
of them had a sword, fighting with stones and with their fists
until noon. And when evening came to them Feracutus got a
truce from Roland. And they arranged it between themselves
that they would come to one another on the morrow without
horses or arms, and they agreed to that, and each of them re-
turned to his own abode that night.

And they came against one another early on the morrow on
foot, as they had promised, and Feracutus brought a sword with
him, and it did not help him, for Roland had brought a long thick
staff" with him and he kept fighting with the staff throughout the
day. Hedidnohurt,however, toFeracutus. AssoonasFeracutus
got a truce from Roland a heavy sleep seized him. And when
the big man was in that sleep Roland, that noble young scion,
put a stone under his head, so that it might be the easier for
him to sleep, and no Christian in the world at that time
ventured to hurt him. For there was a custom among them
that whichever of the two sides, Christian or Saracen, might grant
a truce to the other, no hurt should be done on either side,'^ and
if one of them were to break that truce before its time he was to
be put to death at once.

On Feracutus rising out of his sleep, Roland sat beside him
and asked him how it was he was so powerful, and so hardy that
he was afraid of neither sword nor stone nor any other weapon.
The big man answered "it is not possible to wound me except
in the navel." When Roland heard that he held his peace, as
though he did not understand him, and he turned his ear away

» Thus Oliver's horse in the story of Fortibras is struck bctween the eyes
and liilled. R C. XIX., p. 40. ^ Lit. "stick." Lat. bacuhim.

" Lit. " between them."

54 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Rolandus do thoct se mar nach inicíedh^ hc ocus do impo a cluas

uadha. Ocus do \a.hhait in t-aitheach''^ tenga na Spainne ris

ocus do thuic Rolandus he co maith.^ Do fhegh in íer mor ar

Rolandus ocus do íh\a.íraigh a ainm dhc'* "Rolandus mh' ainm,"

ar se. Do ih'miiaigh in fer mor "ga cenel duid o chathí??g/ze am

aghaidh-si a comh laidiV sin, or ní fhuaras riamh conuigi so neach

do chuirfed egla orm." "Do chenel na Frangcach dam," ar

Rolandus, "ocus mac derbhshethar^ do Sherlus Mhor me."

Adubhairt Ferreacutus, "cred he [recht no H.] dhged na

Frangcach" ? Do fhreagair Rolandus, "Dhged Crist maille na

grasaibh^ ata againn," ar se, "ocus atamait fo impireacht Crist

ocus ca.thmghmh ar son a cAreidim in meit íhetmuid." Adubhairt

in Fadanach, ar cluinsin anma Crist dó, "Cia in Crist ut an a creitti-

si" ? Adubhairt Rolandus "Mac do Dia aXhair," ar se, "nicadh

o'n óigh ; do cesad san croich, do cuired san aáldicadh, do eirigh

a cinn in treas la on adhlacrtd, do chuaidh ar deis an athar

neamhádi" Adubhairt in Fa.danach "creidim' gurub e cvuthaigh-

theoir nimhe ocus talmhan Dia,^ gidheadh ni raibhi mac aigi na

athair. Acht mar nar geineadh e fein o emneach is mar sin nar

gein se nech. Mar sin is aenda ata Dia ocus ni 'na t/zriur."'

Adubhairt Rolandus "is fir gurub aenda ata Dia, gidheadh in

tan adeiri nach fuil se tnthach atai dall isin credium," ocus

adubhairt Rolandus "ma creidi isin athair creid isin mac ocus

isin Spíorad naomh, or is Dia in t-athair fein, ocus Dia in mac,

ocus Dia in Spiorad naomh .i.'°aeinndia marthanach a tri p^rsanuibh

he." "Adeiri," ar'' Ferreacutus, "in t-athair do heith 'na Dhia ocus

in mac do heith 'na Dhia ocus in Spioi-ad naomh do heiih 'na Dhia,

ma a.se adh as tri dee ata ann ocus ni hein Dia." "Ni headh idir,"

ar Rolandus, "acht ein-dia trithach adeirim rit, ocus ata se aenda

ocus'^ trithach ocus atait na tri persain sin comhimláw com-

marthanach comchudrama dhoibh fein, .i. mar ata'^ an t-athair

1. do rinne se tocht mar nach tuicíeadh se tenga na Seirrisdineach E.
H. reads ncarly the same. 2. do labhair tenga na Spaine reis in a.thach E.
H. nearlv the same. 3. F. & H. omit last seven words. 4. do úaríaigh
ca hainm thusa a cvistaighe E. H. nearlv the same. 5. úerhhbrat\\&r E.
6. grasaibh Dia E., F. & H. 7. creidmtdne E. & H. 8. aendia

cumachtach E. H. id, omitting "aen." 9. is acndia ata ann ocus ni ina

triar ata E., H. & F., but F. leaves out "ina" and "ata." 10. "ocus" E.
Lis. writes above the line vel et as an aJternative reading. 11. arsi Fer.
F., E. & H. 12. F., H. & E. omit "ocus." H. has trithtech passim.

13. mar a íuil F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 55

from him.* And the giant spolce to him in the language of Spain,
and Roland understood him well. The big man looked at
Roland and asked him his name. "Roland is my name," said
he. The big man asked him, "what race are you of, that you
fight against me so powerfulty ? for I never found so far a
person to make me afraid." "Of the race of the Franks am I,"
said Roland, "and I am a sister's son of Charles the Great.""
Feracutus asked, "what is the reUgion or law° of the Franks"?
Roland answered, "the law of Christ with his graces we have,"
said he, "and we are under the empire of Christ, and we íight for
his religion, in so far as we can." On hearing the name of Christ
the Pagan asked, "who is that Christ in whom ye beheve" ?
Roland answered, "a Son of God the Father," said he, "who was
bom of the Virgin, who suffered on the cross, who was laid
in the grave, who rose from the grave at the end of the third day,
who went [to sit] on the right hand of the heavenly Father."
Said the Paynim, "I beheve that God is the creator of heaven and
earth, but he had neither son nor father. For as he was not himself
begotten of any body, even so has he not begotten any one. Con-
sequently God is one-fold and not three." Roland said, "it is
true that God is one-fold, howbeit when you say that he is not
three-fold you are blind in the faith," and Roland said "if you
beheve in the Father, believe in the Son, and in the Holy Spirit,
for the Father himself is God, and the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit
God : one God everlasting in three persons is he." "You say,"
said Feracutus, "that the father is God, and the son God, and
the Holy Spirit God, if so there are three Gods, and not one God."
"Not so at all," said Roland, "but I speak to you of one three-
fold God, and He is one and threefold, and those three persons
are equally perfect, equally everlasting, co-equal with each other,

* Tliese twenty-three words are not in the Latin texts. •> Last ten words
are not in the Latin texts. " lex.

56 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ata in mac, ocus ata in Spiorad naornh. Ata áWscacht^ i> na
p^rsanuibh ocus aendacht' isin substaint^ ocus an a mhordhacht.
Guightír^ co cudnnna .i. Dia trithach ocus aenda guigid na
h-aingil ar nim, ocus do connuic Ab;'rtham a tri ocus do ghuigh a
haen." "Foillsigh sin dam," ar an t-aitheach, "cinnus do bheitis
tri neithe an a n-aein ní." "Foillseochat duit é," ar Rolandus
ar na neithWAi ocus ar na creatuiribh daenna"* .i. mar atait tri
neithi isin clairsigh in tan do beir foghur .i. ealadha ocus teda
ocus lamha ; is mar sin ata a tri a nDia .i, an t-athair ocus in mac
ocus in S-piorad naom, ocus is aein Dia irtd. Ocus mar atait
tri neithi isin cnai .i. croiceann ocus blaesc^ ocus etne, ocus ni
fuil acht aen cnu ann sin [is mar sin atait iri persanna a nDia
ocus'aen Dia ata ann, F. & E.], ocus atait tri neithi isin grein .i.
solus^ ocus deallrad ocus tes, gidheadh as aen g/jnan sin.' Ocus
atait tri neithi a roth na cartach^ ocus is aen chairt sin. Ocus atait
tri neith'x innat fein .i. corp ocus anam ocus baill, ocus is aen nduine
thu. Is mar sin adezmr aendacht ocus trithacht^ do heith a nDia."
'"Adubhairt Ferreacutus "tuicim anois Dia do heith aenda ocus
trithach, ocus ní thuicim cinnus do ghein an t-athair mac mar
adeiri-si."'^ Adubhairt Rolandus "in creidi gurab é Dia do rinne
Adam.'" '"Creidim," ar sé.'- Adubhairt Rolandus "a.mhail mar
ata Adam ar na geinem/iflí;;í do neifni, gidheadh do ghein se meic,
is mar sin ata Dia athair gan geinemhain o ein neach. Gidheadh
do gein se mac gu diadha do-innisdi, roimh in uih aimsir, uaidh
fein, mar do b' ail leis." Adubhaírt in t-eathach "is maith lim,"
ar se, "gach ní adeiri. Gidheadh cinnus do rinni an nech is Dia
ann'^ mac, ataim ainmhfesach'^ gu h-uiUdhi ann." Adubhairt
Rolandus "in te do rinne nemh ocus talamh do neifni ocus gach
ní da bfuil innta is e do rinne mac do geinemhain isin oigh gan
Sidbhar daena acht o anail coisea^ctha'^ in Spm//a naimh." "Is

1. disleacht E. disle H. atait dislithi . . . aenda F. 'J. sifbal-

taigh E. 3. guidhit F. giiidh co c iat H. 4. Lis. has dacna.

5. plaesg F. plaesc H. G. gile H., F. & E. 7. ata ann F. (ív: E.

iat H. 8. cairti F. 9. aenda ocus trithach F. tredacht H.

10-10. Omitted in F. 11. adhamh. 12. ar an fer mor H. 13. noch is

dia ann F. & E. 14. ainmisecA F. ainbhfessach E. 15. coisrica F.

coisecí'a E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 57

that is as the Father is, so the Son is, and so the Holv Spirit
is. There is propriety in the persons* and unity in the sub-
stance and in His greatness. They are equally prayed to,
namely, it is to God three-fold and one the angels in heaven
pray, and Abraham saw [him as] three and prayed to [him as]
one." "Explain to me," said the giant, "how three things**
could be one thing," "I will," said Roland, "both in things
and*^ in human creatures, namely, how there are three things
in the harp when it sounds, namely art, strings and hands,
so there are three in God, namely the Father, the Son and
the Holy Spirit, yet they are one God. And as there are three
things in the nut, namely husk, shell and lcernel,'' yet there
is only one nut there, even so are there three persons in God
and yet there is only one God ; and there are three things in
the sun, light, glare and heat,® although there is only one sun.
And there are three things in the wheel of a cart, yet that is
one cart,' and there are three things in yourself, namely body and
soul and members, and yet you are one person, even so is it said
that there is a oneness and a threeness in God." Feracutus
answered, " I understand now that God is one and three-fold,
but I do not understand how the Father begot a Son as you say."
Roland said, "Do you believe that it was God who made Adam" ?
"I do," said he. Said Roland, "just as Adam was created out of
nothing, and yet he begat sons, even so is God the Father unbe-
gotten by any one. And yet he begat a son, divinely, ineffably,
before all time, from himself, as he desired." Said the giant,
"I hke," said he, "everything you say, yet how did he who is
God make a Son ? I am utterly ignorant^ of that." Said Roland,
"he who made heaven and earth out of nothing, and everj^thing
that is in them, it is he who begat a Son in the Virgin without
human material, but from the consecrating breath of the Hol}^

»"ln personis est proprietas, in essentia est unitas." Propnetas is here
translated by dilseacht or disleacht (thc same word). "Dilse a fhorainn do
thabhairt do," means to give one true and undisputed possession of land.
''qualiter tria unum sint. "^ The last four words not in the Latin text.

■1 in amigdola, corium testa et nucleus. « candor splendor calor.

' There is evidently something omitted here. The three things in the
wheel, nave, spokes, and tyre (or fellies), are left out. The second "cart"
should be "wheel." Castet's Latin has "medius {Fr. modius) brachia ct

circulus." e penitus ignoro.

58 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

air' sin shaethra/g/zim," ar in fer mor, "cindus do gheiníedh'^ mac
a mbroin oighi gan siP dtmte mar adeiri." Adubhairt Rolandus
"Dia do chruthaigh Adam gan sil duitte ele, do rinne se a mac
fein do geinem^am on oigh gan sil duine. Ocus mar do geineadh
o Dhia athair é gan duini airithi'* aigi is mar sin do geineadh o
n-a maihaÍT he gan duini na aihair aigi. Or is mar sin do ba
d^rtg/zmhaiseach mac De."^ ^Adubhairt Ferreacutus "is mor is
nar hm a radh gu ngeinfidhi o'n oigh gan duine."^ Adubhairt
Rolandus "in té do heir in gas ponaire as in ngmnne ocus dobeir
piasda as na grainnibh' ocus do ní na heisc ocus na beich [do]
geinemhuin gan sil duine,^ do rinde se in ogh do gheineamhain Dia
ocus duini gan sil feardha^ ocus gan tvna.i\\eadh da corp, ocus do
rinni an céd duine mar a dubhart gan sil'° duine ele. Do b'urasa
do cu ngeiníeadh a mhac fein on oigh gan sil daena." Adubhairt
Ferreacutus "as maith as eidir gu ngeinfidhi o'n oigh, gidheadh
mad do ba mac" De é nir b' eidíV leis bas d'fág/iaí/'^ [annsa croich
mar SiduhhartSLÍs F. & E.] Or ni fhaghand Dia bas choighthi."'^
"As maith adeiri" ar Rolandus "gur bh' eidíV a gheinem/mi« o'n
oigh, ocus mar nícadh mar dhuine he do b'eidir leis has d'fha.ghail
mar dhuine. Or gach nech gheint^r mar dhuine do gheibh has
mar dhuini. Or ma 's increitti^'* da gheinemhain as increitti
da has ocus da eiseirghi." Adubhairt Ferreacutus "cinnws as
inc/z;-eitti da eserghi" ? Adubhairt Rolandus : "fuair se bas
ocus do h-aithbeoadh he in treas la."'^ Ot cna.\aidh Ferreacutus
sin do rindi ingnrtd mor'^dhe ocus adubhairt re Rolandus, "Cred
uma labmi in méid^'' sin do briatmibh dimhaine rim, or ni h-eidir
duine marbh do thabhairt chum bethfl arís." Adubhairt Rolandus
"Ni hé mac Dé amhain do eiseivigh o mharbhuibh acht an uiH
dhuine o thws in domhain gu crich na betha, atait siat cum na
heiseirghi coitcinne'^ a bhfhiadhnííísi in hveithemhan d'fhaghail a

1. airc E. Is trid .s. F. is aire sin machtnaigim H. 2. geiwíidh E.

3. silne E. silni F. 4. duine na athair F., E. & H. 5. Dia E. & F.

6-6. Omitted in E. 7. annsna cnoaibh E. 8. gan silne íerrdha.

F. & E. 9. gan silne daena. E. 10. gan truaiWeadh silne E. 11. damadh
mac E. 12. diaghhail do shir. 13. co brach F. do sír H. 14. ma

creidi E. m. credi F. 15. "in nech íuair bas ocus do haithbeoghadh

in treas la" E. & H. is increiti a nech fuair bas do eirigh se a.t.l. F. 16. E.
adds agus machtnug/mí/^ romhor. 17. meide E. meidiF. 18. Thisword

from E. only.

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 59

Spirit." "It is this [point] I am labouring over,"" said the big

man, "how he could beget a son in the womb of a Virgin without

human seed, as you say." Said Roland, "God who created Adam

without the seed of any other person begot his own Son from

the Virgin without man's seed, and as he was begotten of God

the Father without his having any human father,'' even so was

he begotten of his mother without any human father. For

thus it befitted the Son of God."'^ Said Feracutus, "I think it

a great shame^ to say that there could be begotten [a son] from

the Virgin without a person." Said Roland, "he who brings

the bean-stalk^ out of the grain, and brings worms out of the

grains, and generates the fish and the bees without male seed —

he brought it to pass' that the Virgin brought forth God and man

without male seed and without defilement of her body, and he

made the íirst man, as I have said, without the seed of anyone

else ; it was easy for him that he should beget his own son from

the Virgin without human seed." Said Feracutus, "it is quite

possible that he might be begotten of the Virgin, however if he

was the son of God he could not have died on the cross as you

have said, for God never dies." "You say well," said Roland,

"that he might have been begotten of the Virgin, and as he was

born as a man he might die as a man, for every person who is

born as a man dies as a man, for, if his birth is credible, his death

and resurrection are credible also." Said Feracutus, "how is his

resurrection credible" ? Said Roland, "He died and the third

day he was brought to hfe again." When Feracutus heard that, he

made great marvel of it, and said to Roland, "why speak you so

many vain words to me, for it is not possible to bring a dead man

to Hfe again." Roland answered, "it is not the Son of God alone

who rose again from the dead, but every person f rom the beginning

of the world to the end of the world they must to the general

*in hoc laboro. •* Uhus E., F. and H The I.atin texts are not clear either,

"sicut de Deo patre nascitur na«citur sine matre." " Lit. "was the Son of

God very handsome." •* "valde erubesco." ^ qui fabae gurguUonem et

arbori et gUsci facit gignerc vermem. ^ Lit. "made."

60 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

tuarastail do reir a n-uilc no a maitheasa.' Agus ar an adhbí/;' sin
Dia fein do rindi no'- doní in crann beg do chur a bhfhas ard, ocus
doní in grainne cruithneachta ar^ lobhadh ocus ar bhfhag/;ín7
háis a talumh d'aithbhcodhrtí/A aris ocus do thabhairt ioxaidh,*
do ghena in Dia cedna sin an uih dhuine a n-a coWnaihh dilse fein,
ocus a n-a spirutaibh d'athbheod/mí/A o hhas co htthaidh don ló
dheighineach." Ocus adubhairt Rolandus "gabh chugat nadwir
in leo^hain, or mar do ní in \eomhan a chuikm d'aithbheod/«/g/mí//í
le n-a anail a cind in treas la ca hi^gnad gur aithbeoaíg/z Dia athíí/>'^
a mac fein a cinn in treas la o mharbhuibh. Ocus ní réd nua re
Uiicsm^ duit co ndechaidh mac De o hhás co hethaidh ór do
aithbeort?g/í se moran do mharbhuibh roim a eseirghi. Or mar do
mhiísgail Ehas ocus Eleseus' co h-urasa moran do mharbhaibh, do
b' usa ina sin do Dia a mac fein do mhusgladh o mhsLrhhiiibh.^
Adubhairt Ferreacutus "do chím gu maith gach ní adeiri, ocus
cinnus do chuaidh ar nimh mar adubArais ni thuicim he.'^

Adubhairt Rolandus "in nech thainic anuas do nimh do
b' mussL dho dhul suas arís, ocus in nech do eivigh o mharbhaibh
uaidh fein, do b' musa. leiss dul ar nimh. Ocus gabh cugat sompla'"
morain do neithibh, or do chí roth in mhuilmw in mhéid teit sé
o uachtar co h-ichtar co teit sé in méid sin o ichtar co h-uachtar.
Or da ndeachtha fein o uachtar co hichtar cnuic do budh eidzV let
aris dul isin shgidh chí''í/na suas," ocus do eirigh in gnan toir ane
ocus do chuaidh thiar fai,'^ m3.iseadh an t-inad as a tainig mac
Dé do chuaidh se ann aris."

Adubhairt Ferreacutus "do ghen ca.thughadh rit ar an a.dhhay^^
sin, ocus ma 's fir an c;'eidemh sin ad^2>i-si biat-sa claiti, ocus
ma 's^* breag he beir-si claiti, ocus biaidh tathair'^ mharthanach
don chinedh c\a.iíidhear, ocus biaidh moiadh ocus anoir don claiteoir
do shír."

I. ma ngnimarthai6/! masa maith )io masa olc do rinne gach^ diiine F.
mar do tíiiUedar H. 2. Noch doni F. doní H. 3. dowi, tt. omitting
the first "doni." 4. a thoTaidh E. 5. Dia uile cumachtach E. (>. ni
red bec re na faicsin E. asotuicsiwa duit F. ni bec re faicsin H. a fasad H.
7. Eliesejís H. 8. E. adds agus do rinne ^Mac De moran do dhusacht roimh
a bhas Ma i^eadh is mo na sin do heidir leis íein eiseirge o marhaibh E.
F. (.1- H. are almost identical with this. 9. ataim ainmfisec/? co mor
ann F. E. & H. reads almost the same. 10. an eisimplair H. sawla E.

II. tarais E. 12. F. omits last twelve words. E. reads "a folach" for
"fai." 13. cunnradh F. & E. 14. Masa F. & E. 15. taithir F.

THE CONOUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 61

resurrection in the presence of the Judge, to get their reward accord-
ing to their evil or their good. And for that reason God himself
who made or makes" the httle tree to grow up high, and who makes
the grain of wheat after rotting and dying in the earth to come
to hfe again and to bring forth fruit, this same God shall cause
every person to be revived from death to hfe in their own proper
bodies and spirits at the last day." And Roland said, "take the
nature of the hon, for as the lion brings its whelps to hfe again with
its breath at the end of the third day, what wonder that God the
Father brought to hfe his own son at the end of the third day from
the dead. And it is no new thing for you to understand that
the Son of God went from death to hfe, for He brought to
hfe many who were dead before his resurrection. For as Ehjah
and Ehsha'' easily awoke many dead, it was easier than that for
God to waken his own son from the dead." Said Feracutus, "I
well see everything you say, but how he went up to heaven, as
you say, I do not understand that."

Roland answered, "He who came down from heaven, it was
easy for him. to go up again, and he who rose of himself from the
dead, it were easy for him to go to heaven. And consider'
the example of many [other] things, for you see the mill wheel,
as it goes from overhead to underneath, so it goes from under-
neath to overhead. For if you were yourself to go from the top
to the bottom of a hill, you would be able again to go up by
the same way. And the sun rose in the east yesterday and went
under in the west, and so the place out of which the Son of God
came, there he went again."

Feracutus said, "I shall íight you on that matter and if
that faith you talk of is true I shall be overthrown, and if it is
false you shall be overthrown, and lasting disgrace shall be to
the race which shall be overthrown, and praise and honour for
ever to the victor."

» crescere fecit Fr. facit C. •> Hclias et Helisaeus. " Lit. "take to

vourself," "tibi sumc," both the Latin texts add to these instances "avis

volans in aere quantum descendit tantum ascendit."

62 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR

"Bidh amlaidh sin," ar Rolandus.

Ocus do uUmhaigh' gach nech acu cum in comraic ocus du
cha.thaigh Rolandus co íeardhsL i n-aghaidh in Fhaddinaigh. Tuc
Ferreacutus builli claidhimh cum Holanduis ocus do fhill Rolandus
da thaeibh clé, ocus do dhín é fein ar cur an bhata eto^ra ocus in
claidheamh, ocus do ^eam.dh bata Kolanduis don builli sin, ocus
do loigh- in t-aitheach ar Rolandus. Ocus ar na aithne do
Rolandus nar bh' eidir leis dul uaidh ar aen chor, do ataigh^
furtacht mheic Muire. Ocus mar do dheonaígA Dia dhó do
thocaibh se in t-aitheach dhe began ocus do ghlac a cXaidheamh
ocus do ghow sé in fear mor 'na imlinn ocus is mar sin do therna^
uadha. Do éigh an fer mor co hard ocus do ghoir a dhia fein
da fhurtacht .i. Macametus. Ar na clos sin do na Vadd^nchaibh
tancatar da ixmsalgidh ocus rucsat leo é cum na cathrach ocus
do chuaidh Rolandus slan cum a mhuinntíVi f^m.^

Ar na faícsin sin do Sherlus do chuaidh cum na cathrach
ocus do gab hi ocus do mharbh in fer mor innti ; ocus na Cristaighi
do bhi a mbraighdi««s isin tor ruc leis iat.

AN VI. SGEL DHEAG ANN SO.

Beacan aimsiri 'na dhiaigh sin do íoiWsigheadh do Sherliis'^
cu roibhi ri Sibilie ocus Altumaior ri Cordubia' isin csLthraigh
darab ainm Cordubani^ Ehraim ac íniveach ris cum catha do
thabhairt do, ocus do b' iat sin na righa do theith roime a cath
cathrach na Pampilone.^ Ocus do ullmaigh^^ Serlus do dhul cum
catha na n-aghaidh. Ocus ar ndul do Sherlus a bhfocus do
Cornubani" do chuatar na righa remhraitti cona sluaghaih armtha
éiáighthi a coinne Serluis tri mhili on cha.thair. Ocus do bhatar'''^
na Seirrisdínigh a timcheall .xx. míle,^^ na Cvistaighi xxmorro se
mile. Ocus do rinne Serlus dronga. da mhuinntir. An ced drong'^

1. deisigh E. 2. dolaigh E. 3. daitcidh E. do bi f.m.M. air E.

H. is elligible. 4. terno F. & E. 5. Lis. omits "fein." (\. don

impir grasamhail F & E., which omits "do foillsigheadh." 7. cornubia

E. & F. H. is illegible. 8. Cornubani F. 9. Babilone F. 10. dheisigh

F. & E. 11. Cornubia F. & E. 12. do biad nuimir do badar E.

13. .X. m. H.. F. & E. 14. cuid F. & E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 65

"Let it be so,"'' said Roland.

And each of them made ready for the battle, and Roland
fought manfully against the Paynim. Feracutus gave a sword blow
to Roland, and Roland bent to the left and protected himself
by putting the staff between himself and the sword. And Roland's
staff was cut in two by that blow, and the giant pressed in on
Roland. And on Roland's recognizing that he could not escape
from him in any way, he prayed for the succour of the Son of Mary.
And as God willed it for him he shook° the giant a little from him,
and seized his sword and wounded the big man in the navel, and
it was thus he escaped from him. The big man cried aloud
and called on his own God, namely Mahomet, to help him. When
the Paynims heard that, they came to him and carried him off with
them to the city, and Roland went safe to his people.

When Charles saw that, he went to the city and took it, and
slew the big man in it, and the Christians who were in captivity
in the tower he carried off with him.

SIXTEENTH CHAPTER.

A SHORT time after that it was shown to Charles that the King
of Sibihe^ and Altumaior,^ King of Corduba, were in the city
whose name is Cordubani Ebraim,' waiting for him, to give him
battle. These were the kings who had fied before out of the
battle of the city of Pampilone.^ And Charles made ready to
do battle with them. And as Charles came near to Cornubani^
the aforesaid kings with their hosts in arms and armour
came against Charles three miles out from the city. And the
Saracens were about twenty thousand,' the Christians however
were [only] six thousand. And Charles made separate bands of

* liat. ^ Lit. "between them." "^ Lit. "raised" "erexit se et revolvit

eum subter se." ^i.e. SeviUe. '^i.e. Almanzor. ' apud Cordubam

Ebrahim C. Ebraim Fr. i.e. Cordova. ^i.e. Pampeluna. ^ Lat.

Cordubani. ' The Latin texts have ten thousand, so have E. & F.

64 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR

dhibh do dainibh hiidiri dcrbhtha ; in dara drong, coisighi ; in
treas drong, ridiri.

Do ronsat na Seirrisdínigh mar an cédna tri dronga dha
muinnXir. Ocus do urail Serlus in ced drong da mJiuinntir fein
do dul anaghaidh na ccd droingi dona Vad^.nchaibh. Tangatar
na Scirvisdínigh anaghaidh na Cristaighi ocus gach aen dibh maillg
re haigthibh' adhuathmura tacair, ocus siat adharcach fesocach
cosmhail ris na dia.h\aibh [a n-a cruth ocus i n-a ndeilbh ocus a n-a
sua.itheantas tachair, ocus h'a.dhhhiír hidga ocus gráa.ine do feraibh
in domain íccha.iv) ocus silleadh ar a sua.icintu saibh dofaisneisi
in inbaigh sin E.] ocus sais a cosmhaiiiiis tabur 'na lamhaibh aga
mbualadh- co laidir. Ar cluinsin ghothann ocus fhoghor [ocus
mongair E.] na n-eidighi [ndraigheachta E.] sin d'echaibh na
Cristaighi ocus ar bhfrticsin na cosmhaile^ adhuathmhar sin, do
ghabh egla [ocus uaman E.] mor iat, ocus do im]^oideadar tar a
n-ais mar do h\\eidis [ar dasacht ocus E.] ar buih, ocus nir bh'eidir
leis na ridiVibh a conwmhail [na a fastogh E.] ar aen chor. Ocus
mar do conncadur in da droing ele do na Cristaighibh an céd drong
ag teitheadh [cucu E.] do theithedar fein [co himlan E.] leo. Ar
n-a frticsin sin do Sherlus do ghah ingantus mor he no gur aithin
in t-adbar fa ar theithset, ocus do ghah gairdeachas ro mhor na
Padanacha de sin, ocus do leanadur na Cristaighi gu cruaidh no
gu rangatur laimh re sliabh mor. Ocus is bec nach roibhi"* in
shabh sin da mhiH on ca.thair remraidti. Ocus do chothai ghedar^
na Cristaighi ann sin cum catha do thabhairt dona Fadanachaibh.
Ocus ar n-a fha/csin sin dona Vadanachaibh do chuadar bí^can
tar a n-ais ocus do shxxighedar na Crisiaighi a foslongport ann
sin, ocus do batar ann in agaidh sin.^ Isin m«dain ar na marach
ar ndenumh chomhairli do Sherlus do ihnra.i\ ar a lucht cathaighthi
cind a n-ech d' folach le h-edrtch indiis nach fazcdis' na clesa
adhuathm/íwra do ronsat na Fa.dha.naigh in la roimhe sin, ocus do
urail cluasa a n-ech dh' ia.dhadh innus nach cluiwdis^ foghair

1. haitibh coimecha a. E. 2. ag a cowíbualadh co hallmr/rdha E.

'i. na naidhce nadhuat/mia^'a naimdeamhla E. 4. nach rabadar insliabh

sin da mile on cathair roime sin E., which seems nonsense, but H. which is
here nearly illegible .-eems to read the same. 5. cothaidar F. illegible

in H. 6. co tainic la ar na marach E. 7. faicfidis E. faicidais F.

8. cluiníidhdis E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 65

íhis people. The first band was of strong and proven men, the
second band of foot soldiers, the third band was of knights.*

The Saracens in hke manner made three separate bands of
Iheir people. And Charles ordered the íirst band of his people
to go against the first band of the Pagans. The Saracens came
'on against the Christians, each of them with dreadful contrived faces
[i.e. masks], horned and bearded hke devils in their shape and
appearance, and their emblems of battle, and it were a cause
of starthng and horror to the men of the world to regard or look
at their indescribable emblems at that time, with instruments hke
tabors in their hands'' which they were beating vigorously. So soon
as the horses of the Christians heard the voices and sounds and
noises of those trappings of wizardry, and beheld those awful appear-
ances, great terror and horror seized them, and they turned back
as though they were distraught or mad, and the knights could not
keep them or hold them in at aU. And when the other two bands
of the Christians saw the first band íleeing towards them,
they themselves, the whole of them, íied with them. When Charles
saw that, great astonishment seized him, until he understood the
reason why they fied. And great joy seized the Pagans at this,
and they followed the Christians hard, until they came'^ close to
a great mountain, and that mountain was almost two miles from
the aforenamed city. And the Christians maintained theirground(?)
to give the Pagans battle.'' And when the Pagans saw that, they
withdrew a little, and the Christians encamped there, and they
were there that night. And on the morning of the next day
Charles taking counsel ordered his fighting men to cover the heads
of their horses with cloths, so that they might not see the awful
tricks* which the Pagans had performed the day before. And he
gave orders to stop the ears of the horses so that they might not
hear the dreadful noises of their tabors or their [other] marvellous

*Militum. ^' tenentesque singuli singula timpana. " "Pervenimus."

Turpin is supposed to be writing. ^ ibi vero omnes coadunali ex

nobismetipsis asilum fecimus iUos expectantes ad bellum. Both texts.

e larvas

66 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

[adhuathmrtra E.] a tapur na a n-esL\adha.n n-ingantach. Ocus ar

n-Í3idhadh shul ocus cluas a n-ech do na Cristaighibh do cuadar

gu dothchusach cum an chatha, ocus nír chuiredar' foghaíV nait

cealga na ndaine neawmbúid an-umal orra. Ocus do batar o

m/iflduin co medhon lai mar sin ag ca.thu ghadh. Ocus is mor do

ma.vhadh do na Fada.nchaibh. Gidheadh ni dearna.d didhbail doibh

uile.2 Ocus do thinoiledar rna Seirrisdinigh E.] cum aein inaid

ocus do bhi cairt ar a lar ocus ocht ndaimh ag a tarraing, ocus is

uirri do bidh a mhratach^ ocus as e fa bes ag na Fada.nchaibh

in comhfhad do hheith a mhratach 'na sesamh gan nech acu do

theitheadh as in cath. Mar do aithin Serlus sin, ar bhfhaghail

neirt o Dia do chuaid sé ar lar na 'Pada.nach ocus do gherr iat da

dheis ocus da clí^ no go rainic in cairt ar a raibhi a suaichentas»

ocus tuc builli cXaidhimh don pheirsi^ do bi ag imchur na bmtaighi,

ocus do gherr he,^ ocus do inwto' in cairt. Ocus do mhoidh do

na Vada.nchaibh ar na fhaícsin sin, ocus do theithset is gach aird.

Ocus do ronad gairthi^ mora dasachtacha ag an da shluagh, ocus

do ma.xhadh ocht mile do na Seirrisdineachaibh ann sin. Do

marbadh ann ri Sibilie, ocus do chuaidh Altumaior ri Cordubiae^

maiUe da mhíle fer annsa ca.thTaigh. Ocus ar na mharach do

thinnluic in fer claiti sin in cathair do Sherlus ar in cunnrad so

.1. ha.isdedh do ga.hhail chuigi ocus in cathair do heiih aigi o Sherlus,

ocus oglachas mnul do thabhairt do, o sin suas.

Ar ndenamh na ngnimartha'" so do Sherlus do roinn se tigearnas
ocus p^ouinnsedha na Sbainne ar na cinedhachnihh da mhuinntix
le'r b'ail anmain innti, ocus tigearnas Nauorrorum ocus Baclorum
do lucht na Normonde, ocus tigearnas na ca.islean do na F^'ang-
cachaibh ocus tigeamas Uaghete" ocus Secangusde'^ do na
Grecachaibh ocus do lucht na h-Apulia, ocus tigearnas na hArguine
do lucht na Picairdi ocus talamh Auladulue'^ do na hAilmainechaibh
ocus tigeamus na Portigale'^ do Lochlannchaibh ocus do lucht

1. cuimnigháar E. cumg F., the original was probably "na cumgat" from
"conicim" I am able. H. has "nir fechadar do celgaib," etc. 2. nir

dib iad uile H. 3. do himarcaigh^ítóA a bratacha E. 4. dobhi ag a
marbaííA gacha taebha de E.. 5. donirsigh F. dowfersait E. don

crand H. 6. hi E. 7. impo E. & F. 8. eighmhe E. & F. do gairedar
an da sluagh. H. which ends here. 9. Cornubia E. 10. gniw E.

ll.nagedheE. 12. Cesar augMsta E. 13. auladulup E. 14. PortingaliE

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 67

arts. And as soon as* the eyes and ears of their horses were
closed by the Chrístians they went boldly into battle, and neither
the sounds nor deceptions of the fierce disobedient people affected
them. And they'' were íighting thus from the morning to the
middle of the day. And great numbers of the Pagans were slain
However they were not all hurt. And the Saracens gathered into one
place, and there was a cart° in their midst and eight oxen drawing
it, and it was [set up] on it their standard** was wont to be. And
this was the custom of the Pagans, — so long as their standard
should remain standing not a man of them would ílee from the
battle. When Charles recognized this, he, receiving strength from
God, went into the middle of the Pagans and cut them down right
and left until he reached the cart whereon their ensign was, and
he gave a stroke of his sword to the pole® which was carrying
the standard and cut it down, and turned the cart.' And on
seeing that the Pagans broke and íled in every direction. And
great and desperate cries were raised by the two hosts, and eight
thousand of the Saracens were slain there. The King of Sibilie^
was slain there and Altumaior, King of Cordubiae, went [back] into
the city with two thousand men. And the next day that defeated
man surrendered the city to Charles, on this condition, that he
should receive baptism and hold the city from Charles and do him
obedient service from that out.

When Charles had accomphshed these deeds he divided the
lordship and provinces of Spain among those tribes of his own people
who desired to remain in it, and [settled] the lordship of the Navarri
and Bach'' on the people of Normandy,' and the lordship of the
Castles^ on the Franks, and the lordship of Vaghete'' and Selangusde'
on the Greeks and on the people of Apulia, and the lordship of
Arguine on the people of Picardy,"" and the land of Auladulue on
the Allemanni," and the lordship of Portugal on the Lochlannachs

" ars mirabilis ! illeco et, etc. ^ nostri. <= plaustrum. ** vexillum

rubeum eorum. « tunc propria spatha perticam quae vexillum susten-
tabat abscidit. ' Last four words not in Latin. ^ i.e. Seville. ^ Terram
Basclorum. ' Britannis. 3 Castellanorum. '' Nagerae. ' Caesar-

augustae=Saragossa. ™ Terram Aragonis Pictavis. C. Arraginis Picardis
Fr. " Terram Alandaluí Teutonicis.

68 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Flondruis, ocus tigcarnus na Gailinnsi do na Frangcachaibh, or do
b' aibinn leo he.' Ocus ni roibhi nech isin Sbflj;;^ o sin suas do
chaitheochí^ííA anaghaidh Serluis.

AN SECHTMADH SGEL DHEG ANN SO.

Ocus na diaigh sin ar hhíha.chaiP urmoir a shiaigh do Sherlus
annsa Sbainn do chuaidh se d'fisrachadh cnche Sa« Sem. Ocus
in lucht le'r bh'ail Siitmghadh isin crich sin, do urail a mbaisd^íí/í.
Ocus gach nech fuair ar n-impodh cum na hirsi Padanaighi do
urail a cloidhmheaííA [ocus a ndichíimadh, E.] Ocus na dhiaigh
sin do ovduigh^ ar fud na cathrach esbaic ocus sacairt. Ocus do
orduigh se esbuig ocus righa ocus prinnsadha do rinni se ar gradh
San Sem isin Shain ocus isin GaiHnnsi da mheith* ann in tmth
sin, ocus da mheith^ umhal d'esboc San Sem o sin suas. Ocus
nír ovduigh se esboc do heith a Siriam,^ or nír hreathnuigh se gur
cathair hi ; acht do orduigh a heith na haih íó chathair Com-
postilanensis.' Ocus do badhas-sa fein .i. esboc Turpi«us airdesboc
Reme,«tis* a comairle na neithe so, ocus do bennuighes tempall
ocus altoíV San Sem ar iura,ileamh Sherhiis, ocus nai*^ n-eshuic
ara fhochair, ocus do b'i aimsir sin a callain Juhus.*'' Ocus do
urail Serhis in Sbám co huihíiM ocus in Ghaihnnsi do heithumhal^^
don tempoll so. Ocus tuc mar tabhrtrius don ecliíz's cédna. tighearndi
gacha tighi isin Sbam ocus isin Ga.i\innsi do thabhairt .iiii. tallann
oir^^gacha hliadhna mar chís di, ocus a hheith saer o gach uiH dhaeirsi
[tre furaihm an ri .i. Serlus F. & E.] Ocus do ordaigh teghdhuis
apstohcda'^do ghairm dhi o sin amach, ar son cuirp San Sem do
hheith a cuwsanad^^innti. Ocus dourail co mad innti do bheidis
comhairkííha esbac na Sháini co h-uihWM ar connmhail, ocus
cu mad innti do héarthai slata^^ esbac ocus coroine righ amach,

1. The last sixty-five words are omitted in F. 2. fadhail E. 3. E.

adds ocus do c>-edhail (?) se. 4. noch do bhi E. do bi F. 5. do

heith E. & F. 6. oir nir ordaigh se a heith in a baile easpuic asiriam oir
nid/zeflí'nasegur crtí/zaíri. E. & F. 7. Campostalinensis E. 8. remoisE.
Both E. & F, add "na righ." F. reads "Remtis," with a stroke over the m.
9. nai neaglasa maille naonbur easpuc E. 10. luil E. 11. cohumall
E. & F. E. adds after Serlus "impir na crodhachta ocus an gaisgidh."
12. oir írom E. 13. Tegais abstolica Fl 14. a íolach F. 15 b-tai F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 69

and the people of Flanders,'' and the lordship of GaHcia on the
Franks, for they thought it deUghtfuL'' And there was no one
in Spain from that out who would fight against Charles.

SEVENTEENTH CHAPTER.

And after that Charles — íinding [?] the bulk of his army in Spain —
went to visit the country of Saint James and the people who
desired to reside in that country he ordered that they should
be baptized. And every person whom hc found [turning]
to the Pagan faith he ordered him to be put to the sword and
beheaded. And after that he ordained throughout the cities*"
bishops and priests. And he ordained bishops and kings and
princes whom he created for the love of Saint James in Spain
and in Gahcia, to be there then,^ and to be submissive to the
bishop of Saint James from that forward." And he did not
ordain any bishop to be in Siriam' for he did not consider that
that was a city,^ but he ordered it to be a place subject to the
city of Compostilanensis (Compostella).'' And I myself, namely
Bishop Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, was one of the Councillors'
concerning these things, and I blessed the temple and altar of
St. James at the command of Charles, with nine^ bishops along
with me ; and that time was the Ralends of July. And Charles
ordered the whole of Spain and Gahcia to be obedient to this
church. And he gave as a gift to that same church that the lord
of every housein Spain andin Gahciashould givefourtalentsof gold
every year as tribute to it, and that it should befreefromeverysort
of bondage by order of the king, i.e. of Charles. And he ordained
that it should be called a seat apostohc from that out, on account
of St. Jamcs' body being at rest in it. And he ordained that it
should be in it that the councils of the bishops of all Spain should
be held, and that it should be in it that bishops croziers'' and
kings crowns should be given out at the hands of the bishop of

»Dacis et Flandris. i» "inhabitare noluerunt," which gives a quite

different meaning. «na cathrach — no doubt here Gen Plur "civitates."

dpraesentes et íuturi. « I am not sure that I have tran.slated rightly.

' apud Yriam, also Iriam, Lat. ^ pro urbe non reputavit. '' sedi Com-
postellensi Fr. CompostiUanensi C. ' Li/. " in the Council of these

things." i Fr. reads quadraginta. C. reads novem. ^ Lit. "rods" or

"wands," "virgae episcopales."

70 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

do lamhuibh esbaic na cathrach fcin, a n-anoir San Sem. Ocus
da mheith^ in creidium no aithinta Dé co h-eshadha.ch isna cHochaibh"^
eh t/-e pt'íicadh na popa/ cu mad do comairli an e'.-haic cedna do
cuirfidhi ar iul iat. Ocus is oircheas do h-orduiged in creidium
do cothughadh ocus d'a.noTughadh isin eclats anoraigh sin. Or
mar do h-orduighedh creidiz<m Crisi ocus tegduis a.psto\icda le
hEoin Suibhisci?^/ brathaíV San Sem isin rann oirrtAearach don
domhan isin cathair re n-abar Efeisumh, is mar sin do b'oirches
in creidium cetna ocus teagduis a.pstolicda. ele dh'ordughadh le
San Sem isin rann iart/«ímch don domhan .i. isin GaiJinnsi. Ocus
is iat so na tegdín'se do h-ordaighedh isin rann toir .i. Efessws
ata do \eith deis íh\aithmsa talmaidhe^ De, ocus Compostella ata
dha \eith cli.^ Or is iat sin tarla cum na deisi hrathar so .i. da
mhac Sebedeus ar roinn na prouiwdsé^ (?) or do iaradar ar an
Ti^hearna. nech dhibh do shmdhhighadh da \eith deis in a ih\aith-
eamnus ocus nech ele da \eith ch. Ocus is oirchis do urail an
c^eidium Cristaighi^ tri tegdu/si oiregda d'a.norugadh tar chath-
rachaibh in domhain co hmlidhi .i. in Row ocus in Gaihnnsi ocus
Efesszís. Or mar do thagh in Tighearna. na tri h-esbuil dar foillsigh
se a deirridiíís níis mo ina dona h-esbalaibh ele amhail is follus
isna soiscelaíi//, is mar sin do or daigh na tri tegdwíse so
d'anor ughadh ar a so« tar tegdwmbh in domhain cu coitcenn,
ocus is oirches an Rom do beith na pnmhtegdais aca, or as i do
coisric Vedur prinnsa' na n-esba/, le n-a sheanmoir ocus le n-a
fhuiP ocus le n-a adhnacul fein.

Compostella iomorro, is coir a heith na tegdais tanaisdi, ar
son gurub e San Se7n (do bo mho do reir dhiniti^ deis Petflí'r edir
na \i-esb\x\aibh) do da.ingnigh hi maille na shenmoir ocus do coisnc
maillg na adhnacal coisearctha hi, ocus ní anann aga maisiughudh
[ocus ag méadughadh a gloire E.] do mirbhmlibh [dofhaisneisi E.]

Efesws iomorro, oirches a beit/í an a treas tegduis,'" ar son
gurub innti do rindi Eoin suibhiscéal a soisce/ fein [ar dús E.] .i.

1. da tegmad co mheith F. 2 tiorthaibh E. ch — F. 3. sic. Lis. & E.
tsdmhan F. 4. do leith cli in flfl;7/!emhnuis cedna E. 5. proinnsi

F. & E. 6. catoilica F. 7. E. adds "ociis Jeg loghmar." 8. E., which
turns this passage diííerently, adds "morluaigh" here. 9. Thus F.

dinite E. Lis. seems to read "diuiti." 10. F. makes this word "tedais"
passim. E. has "tegais" but omits "treas."

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 71

the city itself, and in honour of Saint James. And if the faith or
the Commandments of God should be faihng in other countries*
through the sin of the people, that it should be by the counsel
of that same bishop they should be guided. And íittingly
was it ordained to support and honour the faith in this honoured
church. For as the faith of Christ and an apostohc seat were
ordained by John the Evangehst, brother of Saint James, in the
eastern division of the world, in the city which is called Ephesus,
evenso wasit íittingthatSt. James should ordain the samefaithand
another apostohc seat in the western division of the world, namely
in Galicia. And the foUowing are the [apostolic] seats that were
ordained in the eastern division, namely Ephesus, which is to
the right side of the earthly kingdom of God,'' and Compostella
which is to its left side. For those are what came to these two
brothers, namely the two sons of Zebedee on the division of the
provinces," for they asked the Lord to seat one of them at his
right side in his kingdom and another of them at his left side.
And fittingly did the Christian faith ordain that three distinguished
seats should be honoured beyond the cities of the entire world,
namely Rome and Gahcia and Ephesus. For as the Lord chose
the three apostles to whom he, more than to the other apostles,
manifested his secrets, as is obvious in the gospels, even so did
he ordain that these three seats should be honoured for their sake
beyond the seats of the world at large. And it is íitting that
Rome should be the first of these seats, for it was it that Peter,
prince of the apostles, consecrated by his preaching and his blood
and his own burial.

Compostella, however, it is fitting that it should be the second
seat, because it was Saint James — who after Peter was greatest
amongst the apostles according to dignit^,** — who confirmed it by
his preaching and consecrated it by his consecrated burial, and
he never ceases to adorn it and increase its glory by inexpressible
miracles.

Ephesus, however, it is fitting for it to be the third seat, for
it was there that John the Evangelist preached his own gospcl

^ Lit. "the other countries." •> in regno terreno Christi. <= in divisione

provinciarum. ^* qui dignitate major post beatum Petrum

extitit.

72 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

*'Iii Principio erat uerbum," ocus gur coisric hi da íorcetnl ocus
da mirbhuihiA ocus da adhnacul fein ocus rh'

AN T-OCHTMADH SGEL DEG ANN SO.

Tuarascbhail dcilbhi Serhiis ocus a chuinghiU^ ann so. As
amlaiWA iomorro do bhi in t-impir airmeac)^ anorach sin : folt
donn air ocus gnuis derg, ocus corp nua neamharsaigh aigi/ ocus
do ba greannmhar do réir^ fhechsana he, ocus do bhatar ocht
troighthi in fhir do b'fhaidi troigh do lucht a aimsiri^ ar airdi
ann, ocus do ba aidhbhsíflcA a leithe' fo n-a chael-druim, ocus
meit mchnhJiaidh na medhon : vightheach ocus luirgne remra aigi,
ocus ailt ro laidín, ocus se eolach a ca.tbaibh na ridiri ; ro
grea.nnmhar : feadh troighe 'na edan : suile leomhanáa. dnth-
\ineacha. aigi, mar in cloich re n-a.har carabunculus. Letheat
baisi^ in gach mhala dho, ocus in té ar a bhfhechflí//í maiUe teirg
do crithní'fldh a cedoir [d'^ííg'la an ti sin E.] Ocht reisi^ isin cns
do bidh thairis a n-ecmuis a mbidh uadha amach dhe. As b^c
do cha.itheadh dh'aran, ocus do chaitheadh cethraiwe chaerach
no da chirc tio gegh no slinnen muici no geissanaw'" no mil muighe
imlán, ocus do ihhedh becan fi«a co suilbAer ar cur uisci trid. Da
bhi in meit sin do neart^^ ann gu ng^a^'^adh d'aen-bhuiUi claidhinih
ridiri armdha [eidighiJie E.] na shuidhi ar a ech o mhullach a chinn
co a ichtar maiUeis in n-ech fein. Do shinedh [co hurasa F.] le
na lamhuibh cethra cru eich a n-aeinfhecht. [Neart ele fos do
bhi ann E.] an tan do theidheadh ridiri armtha eidigJitJii nashesamh
ar a d^mainn do thochhad cu h-athlumh^^ ar a aen-laimh he. Fa
daenachtach 'na brondtuibh he, ocus fa díreach 'na hreitJieamnas,
ocus fa sochraidh [mihs-briatArach E.] [a] n-urlabhra. Do chownmad
cuirt co sundradach a ceatJiur feiltibh uaisU isin bUadhain isin

1. F. & E. omit "ocus rl." 2. do tuarasgbail ocus do deilbh ocus do

cruth ocus do cuingill S. Moir. E. 3. in ri trocairech sin E.

4. Thus E. neamairsigh F. neamhasaidh Li5. which omits "aigi." 5. Lis
reads dor. 6. F. omits last íive words. 7. leiihead F. \etha.d E.

8. lea/Abois E. 9. Reisi here translates the Latin "palmae."

10. gesacA/ach E. g&iseacht F. 11. Idiidireacht F. & E. 12. co haibeil E.

hurasa F

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 75

that is "in principio erat verbum," and consecrated it by his
doctrine and his miracles and his own burial, etc.

EIGHTEENTH CHAPTER.

An account now of the appearance of Charles and of his condition,
This moreover is how that distinguished honoured emperor was :
brown hair on him and a ruddy countenance and a body fair
and youthful,* and he was pleasant to look at." And there went
eight feet such as a man of the longest feet of all of his time
might have, to his height, and vast was his girth"^ beneath his waist,
and his middle was of a proportionate size. He had stout arms
and shins and very powerful joints and he was expert in the battles
of knights ; he was very mirthful ; his f ace was a foot long, he had
lionlike sparkhng eyes, like the stone that is called Carbuncle.
Each of his eyebrows was a palm long,'* and whoever he might look
on in anger that person used at once to tremble with fear. Eight
spans were in the belt that used to go round him, not to count
what was over after fastening it.^ He used to eat little bread,
but he used to eat a quarter of a sheep or a couple of hens, or a
goose or a shoulder' of pig or a peacock^ or a whole hare,'' and
he used to drink a little wine jovially' mixing water with it. He
was of so much strength that he used with a sword stroke to
cut through from the top of the head downward^ an armed
knight seated on his horse together with the horse itself. He
used to easily straighten out with his hands^ four horse shoes
at once. Another feat-of-strength of his was when a knight
in arms and armour used to come and stand on his palm he
used to raise him readily on his one hand. He was liberal in
his gifts and upright in his judgment, and he was bright and
swect voiced in speech.' He used to hold court in Spain,
especially at the four renowned festivals of the year in his

» corpore decorus et venustus. ^ visu efferus. •= amplissimus renibus,

ventre congruus. ^ supercilia oculorum dimidiam palmam habebant.
• praeter iUud quod dependebat. 'spatulam. ^ pavonem. '^ " aut

gruem" is omitted. ' sobrie. i Lit. "to his lower part," " usque ad

bases." •' f acile extendebat. Uocutionibus loculentus.

74 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Spain [re na linn E.] do iom[ar]chadhLcoroin righ ocus slat righ
in tan sin .i. la Notlac ocus la Casc ocus la Cwmcdisi^ ocus la San
Sem. Ocus do h-imchairthe^ claidheamh nocht na fhiadhn?íise do
shír a n-inad b/'eitheamhnuis ar modh [ocus mar v[a.ghail ocus
mar smacht E.] impiri. Do hordaighte do sir gach n-oighthi
da choimet se .xx.it Crzsíaidhi^ laidir a timcheall a leaptha, .i. da
.xx.it dibh aga fhaire in céd she?I do'n oighthi, ocus is mar so do
bitis .i. deichnehhar dibh aga chinn^ ocus deichnehhar ag a chosaibh/
deichnebhar da dheis ocus deichnehhar da chle, ocus claidheamh nocht
a laimh dheis ocus lochrann ar lasad a laimh cli gach fir dibh.
Do bhítis da .xx. eile' treas ele isin dara seal don oighthi aga aire
ar in modh cedna, ocus an da .xx.it ele isin treas seal mar an
cedna, ocus cach na coáXad ar ce«a. Ocus ge mad mhian do
neoch ní bhudh mhó da mhoirghnímhaibh d'eistecht do badh
miiirireach dhuin-ne re a fhaisneis he, .i. mar do ghabh deisi
ridiri o Galfridus Admiraldus mac Toletus^ na macamh a Palas
Toletiíis, ocus se ar innarba,^ ocus mar do mharbh sé a comrac
ar gmdh Galfrid/í?s Barmatus moirdhimseach'" rí na Seirrisdíneach
námha Ghalfrid/í/s, ocus mar do cosain moran do thirthaibh ocus
do chdthvachaibh ocus mar do chuir fo ireis cmdmhe na tnnoíte
iat, ocus mar do ordaigh moran d'abhdhainechtaibh" ocus
d' ecalsaibh'- ar fud in domain, ocus mar do chumduigh cuirp
ocus taisi mhorain do naemuibh [ocus do ma.irtirea.chaihh E.] d'or
ocus d'aircet, ocus mar do chuaid d'fhis Sidlaicthi an tighearna
[.i. Isa Crist E.] ocus mar tuc crann na croiche cesta. leis, — ní
tualuing mhisi a scrihhadh ann so. Or do badh thúsca eshaidh
na laimhe ocus an peinn ina eshaidh a gni^Ha-san.'^ Gidheadh is
coir dhuinn a innisin co cumair mar do innto as in Spainn isin
Fraingc tar eis na Gaihnnsi do shoerad [do E.]

l.ThusE. imarch — Lis. umMí-cadh F. 2. cincísi E. cingisi F. 3. him-
archaidhe E. 4. ridiri F. Ridiri Ciostaighi in a ndinbh laidre

ÍMntaebha 5. um a cheann E. 6. gacha taeha. F. 7. Thus

F. & E. Lis. curiouslv reads "do bhitis mná." 8. .i. Adhmiraldws

mac doteletMS E. 9. F. omits last twelve words. 10. morgnimach E.

11. do benncaib F. 12. d'ashucaibh ocus do minisdrechaibh E.

13. gnimartha E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 75

time. He used to bear a king's crown and sceptre" at those times,
namely on Christmas Day and Easter Day and Pentecost and
St. James's Day. And a naked sword used to be c.onstantly borne
in his presence in place[s] of delivering judgment'' after the manner,
rule and sway of an emperor. There used to be appointed every
night for his safe-keeping six score of strong Christians" round
about his couch, and two score of them used to keep watch during
the íirst part of the night, and this is how they used to be, namely
ten at his head and ten at his feet and ten at his right hand and
ten at his left hand, and a naked sword in the right hand and a
lighted lamp in the left hand of every man of them. There used
to be two score more"^ another while, in the second time of the
night watching him in Hke manner, and the other two score on
the third watch of the night in like manner, when every one else
was asleep.

And though one might like to listen to more of his great
dceds it would be burdensome for us to show them forth, as for
example'' how he took knightly cquipment from Galfridus Ad-
miraldus, son of Toletus,' when a youth at the palace of Toletus,*
at a time when he was in banishment, and how he slew in fight
for love of Galfridus the proud*" Barnatus,' Idng of the Saracens,
an enemy of Galfridus, and how he protected^ many countries
and cities, and how he placed thcm under the faith of a belief in
the Trinity, and how he ordained many abbacies and churches
throughout the world, and how he covered the bodies and relics
of many saints and martyrs with gold and silver, and how he
went to visit the burial place of the Lord, i.e. Jesus Christ, and
how he brought with him the tree of the Cross of Crucifixion, — 1
am not able to write [them all] here. For the hand and the pen
would be exhausted sooner than his deeds. However we ought to
narrate briefly how he turned [again] out of Spain into France
after setting free Galicia.

^ Lit. "a. líing's rod." Coronam regiam et sceptrum gestabat. ^* ante

ejus tribunal. "= orthodoxi. ^ Lí5. reads " there used to be women,"
the other MSS. read as does the Latin, which is alii quadraginta.
^ Lit. "namely." 'Galafruus Admirandus C. Admiraldus Coleti Ff.

s palatio Coleti Fr. Toletae C. ^ superbum. • Latin Braimantus.

J acquisivit.

76 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

AN NAEMADH SGEL DHEG ANN SO.

A haithle na Sbaine co h-uihdhi do ghabhail ocus do chur

fo creidiumh a n-anoir Dhe ocus a apstail .i. San Sem do'n imptV

airmeach sin .i. do Sherlus Mor, ag impodh on Spain dó, do an'

oighthe a Pampilonia le na ahlua.ghaibh. Tarla in tan sin da righ

do Sheirvisdíneachaibh na comnuidhi san inad re n-abar Cesar

Agusta .i. MarsirÍMS ocus Belegandus- a brathair ar n-a cur o

Admiralldus^ ri na Baibiloine don Sbám ocus do b'umal

[íoma.igthech E.] do Sherlus iat in gach aen chas, ocus do nidis

a sh^rbhis [ocus a reir E.] co haentadacA ; gidhead is maiUe [maiUs

ocus re ceilg ocus re E.] gradh fallsa do nidais. Ocus do chuir

Serlus nech da mhuinntir chuca dar ainm Ganalowws da aithne

dhibh ha.istedh do gha.hháil ocus a chís do chur chuigi. Ocus do

cuired .X. n-eich .xx., fo a n-eire d'ór ocus d'aircet [mar cis E.]

cuigi, ocus do cuir^d cum lochta ca.thaighthi [ocus gaisgidh E.]

Serluis eiri da .xx.et ech [ro-laidí> E.] dfhin glflw mhih's ocus

mile ben va.itha.mhail* [vo-dea.llvadhach E.] do mnaibh na Seirr-

isdíneach. Ocus do Viva.i\edur [ocus do chtiiriáav impighi ocus

guidhe mor E.] ar Ga.naXonus fein .xx. ech^ cona n-eiribh d'or

ocus d'aircet ocus do sheduibh [dingmala ro-uaisle E.] ele do

[gabhail chuigi E.] do chinn lochta ca.thaighthi Serluis do thoirb^rt

[ocus do chur a.mach E.] doibh gu cealgach. Ocus do aemh [ocus

do gell E.] Ga.vía.\onus sin, ocus do gabh an t-innmhus [ocus na

seoit sin chuige E.].

Ar náaingvxiughaá na saeibh-cheilgi braithtighi sin doibh, do
inntó Ganalonus cum Serluis, ocus tuc na h-ascada sin do chnivedar
na righa Seivvisdíneacha chuigi, dhó, ocus do innis dó gur bh'ail
le Marsirius [baistigh do gahhail chuige ocus E.] Cnstaighi do
denam dhe, ocus gu roibhi ag nWmh^ighadh a trialla do thecht cum
Serluis isin Fraingc do ghahháil baistidh innti, ocus gu coinnemadh
ta\amh na Sháini uih a hucht Serluis o sin amach. Lucht in
chsithaighthi iomorro, in drongdoboirg[g]da* [ocus do b'urawanta E.]
ocus do ba mhó dhibh, do gha.hha.dar an íin [amain F.], ocus do

1. E. omits "do an" and so makes nonscnse. 2. Beligan«dus E.

3. Amirandus F. Admiranndus E. 4. sgothamhail E. & F. 5. fa xx

ech delodh E 6 iredha E. irada F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 77

NINETEENTH CHAPTER.

After taking the whole of Spain and putting it under [the]
Faith in honour of God and his apostle St. James, by that renowned
emperor Charles the Great, as he returned from Spain he remained
a night in Pampilonia^ with his armies. It chanced that at that
time two kings of the Saracens were residing at the place which
is called Caesar Augusta," namelv Marsirius'^ and Belagandus his
brother, they having been sent by Admiraldus,"* king of Babylon,
to Spain, and they were submissive and reverential to Charles
in everything, and they used to perform his service and his bidding
unitedly. However it was out of mahce and treachery and false
love® they used to do it. For Charles sent one of his people to
them, whose name was Ganalon, to command thcm to accept
baptism and to send him his tribute. And thirty horses laden
with gold and silver were sent to him as tribute, and there were
sent to Charles's íighting men and heroes, forty strong horses' laden
with clear sweet wine, and a thousand graceful^ shapely women of
the women of the Saracens. And they ordered and besought, and
greatly prayed for Ganalon himself to accept twenty horses laden''
with gold and silver and other suitable and noble things-of-price
in return for treacherously dehvering up and exposing Charles's
íighting men to them. And Ganalon consented to that and
promised it, and received the treasure and jewels.

On their coníirming this deceitful false treachery [between
them] Ganalon returned to Charles and brought him those gifts
which the Saracen kings had sent him, and told him that Marsirius
desired to accept baptism and to make a Christian of himself
and that he was preparing his journe^ to come to Charles into
France to receive baptism there* and that he would hold the
land of all Spain from Charles' from thenceforward. The íighting
men moreover, those of them who were noblest and most respected
and greatest,'' they took the wine only, and refused the women.

• Pampeluna. ^i.e. Saragossa. •= sic Fr. Marsiorus C. ■' ab

Ammirando Babylonis de Perside ad Hispaniam missi. « in caritate

ficta. ^sic Fr. "Sexaginta" C. eformosas. '' Lí7. " with their

loads of." 'Lií. "in it." ' de iUo teneret. '' majores pugnatores.

78 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

dliiultadar na mná. Ocus do ghabhudar in lucht do b'uirish
dhibh iat a ndidhbhail a n-a«mann fcin. Ar creidemh [uirigill
ocus E.] briathar Ga.na.lonuis do Shcrlus do t/ín'all dul tar na poHaibh
re n-abar Ciserei,^ do thecht isin Fraingc, ocus do ordaigh, do
chomhairle Ganalonuis, do na prinnsrtdaibh do b'annsa leis da
ridiribh .i. Rolandus mac a shethariarlaCinomansis^ ocus Blauiewsis
ocus Olnerus iarla Gehenewsis anmhain ag coimet [ocus ag didew E.]
áeiridh na slighe isin glenn re n-abar Ruwti^ Ualhs, mailleis in
droing do ba mhó [neart E.] don lucht ca.thaighthi [do bhi na
fhochair E.] ocus re .xx." mile Cristaighi no go dechadh Serlus
tar portaibh Sis^reos.'* Ocus ar mheiih ar meisce don droing do
ibh in ún Servisdineach do pheacthdLÍghednr ris na mnaibh Padanda,
ocus drong ele dhibh re mnaibh Cristaighi tucadar leo as in^ Fraingc,
ocus fuaradur bas.

Ar nimthecht do Sherlus tar na portaibh a dnbhramar
ocus íiche mile Cristatghi ocus Ganalonus ocus Turpinus na
íh'asxadh, ocus ar mheith dona cathaighibh^ ag coimet a ndemdh
mar a dubhramar, do eirigh Marsirius ocus Belegandus maille
L. mile Serrisdineach a mucha na maítne' as na glenntuibh ocus as
na cnocuibh a ra.hvLtar a bhfhr lach re dhá láibh^ ocus re da oidhchi
roime sin, do mhuin comairle Ganalonuis, ocus do ronsat da
chorughadh catha dibh .i. corughadh dhibh a roibhi .xx. mile ocus
corughadh a roibe .xxx.^ mile. In corughadh a roibhi .xx. mile
do thindscna.dur hheith ag lot [ocu. ag ma.rhhadh E.] na Cristaighi
do \eith a ndroma ocus [ar na motughudh sin do na Cristaighibh
F. & E.] do im'^aidedar na Cristaighi orro [ocus do madmaighidar
ocus do marbfldar iat E.] ocus do hha.tiir ag ca.thughad riu o mada.in
00 teirt, ocus ni dechaidh duine na bethaidh don .xx. mile
Serrisdineach [nar tuit ar an lathair sin E.]. Ocus ar mheitJí
coirthi^" dona Cnstaighibh on ca.thughad [ocus on torainw E.] sin,
do dhoirt [ocus do Hng E.] in trichat mile Serrisdineach na cenn
[gan íis doibh E.] Ocus do thuitedar leo o beg cu mor, innus nach
dechaidh nech beo don .xx. mile Cristaighi gan bas dfhaghail,"
.i. drong dibh ar cur shleagh tritha, ocus drong ar na ndicennaíí/í

1. sisme E. & F. 2. Cmnmamzsis ocus Blauensis E. F. omits these

words 3. rutiualis E. & F. 4. sisireos F. sisereros E. 5. isin E.

6. Tidiribh E. 7 mainne F., which is also the modern pronunciation.

8 dala E. 9. .x. .xx.m. E. x.m.xx. F. 10. sgithach toivrseach E

11 gan bas ocus eg ocus oidhigh d'imirt orro E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 79

And those who were meanest* of them accepted them [i.e. the
women] to the damage of their own souls.

Charles beheving the utterance and words of Ganalon set out
to go over the passes called Ciserei," to come into France, and,
by the advice of Ganalon, he ordered the princes whom he loved
best of his knights, namely Roland, his sister's son, Earl Cino-
mansis" and Blaviensis, and Ohver, earl Gebenensis"^ to remain,
and to keep and protect the rear of the passage through the
valley, which is called Runti Valhs,^ with the strongest part of
the fighting men, and with twenty thousand Christians who wero
with him, until Charles should have gone over the passcs of
Sisereos [or Ciserei]. And those who had drunk the Saracen
wine being intoxicated sinned with the Pagan women, and others
with Christian women whom they had brought with them out
of France, and they died.

After Charles going over the passes we have spoken of, and
twenty thousand Christians and Ganalon and Turpin with him,
with his fighting men protecting their rear as we have said, Marsirius
and Belegandus rose up with fifty thousand Saracens in the early
part of the morning from the valleys and hills where they were
in hiding for two days and two nights before that, through Ganalon's
advice, and they made two battle arrays of themselves, namely
one of twenty thousand and another of thirty thousand. The
division of twenty thousand began to wound and slay' the
Christians in their rear, When the Christians perceived that,
they turned on them and they broke them and slew them, and
were fighting with them from morning till the hour of terce, and
not one of the twenty thousand Saracens escaped with his life
but all fell in that place. And when the Christians were a-weary
after that fighting and conílict,^ the thirty thousand [other]
Saracens burst forth and sprang to meet them,^ before they
knew it.

And [the Christians] fell by them both great and small so

that not one escaped ahve of the twenty thousand Christians
without dying, some thrust through by spears and some beheaded

*Juniores Fr. Minores C. ''transire portus Cisereos. "^Cenoman-

nensi et Blaviensi Comiti, i.e Count of Man. ^i.e. aliter Auvergne.

* Ultimam custodiam in Runcievalle facerent (Runciavalle Fr.) ' per-

cutere nostros. B"torann" seems to be sometimes used in this sense.

'' The Latin has simply "aggrediuntur." Doirí seems to be a military

term, see p. 98, line 27

€0 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

lc claidmih, ocus drong ar na coscairt le tuaghuibh, ocus drong

ar na toWadh [ocus ar na tredadh E.] lc soighdibh, ocus le colbaibh',

■ocus .drong ar na nva.i-bhadh lcis na harmuibh rc n-abar p^rtica,

ocus drong ar na hhíhennadh le scenuibh ocus siat na mhethaidh,

ocus drong ar na loscfld a teinidh,'^ ocus drong ar n-a crochadh re

crflnnaibh, innus co bhfhuair in lucht cath«/g'/íthi uili bas acht

Rolandus ocus Baldonius ocus Turpinus ocus Ganalonius ocus

Tedncus. Baldonius iomorro ocus Tedricus do leathadz/r^ fo'n

coill, ocus do fholchatflH iat fcin, ocus is mar sin do chuadar as.

A haithle in choscair [ocus in cowzaidhme E.] sin do breith

dona Serrisdíneachaibh , do impátai^ tar a n-ais [maillc hiaithgair

ocus re gairdechas mor E.] fedh leuc .i. tri míle.^

As in-fhiafrrtíg'/íthi annso cred fár chedni^hP Dia an drong

út nar \)heacthuigh ris na mnaibh do thuitim annso. Ocus as

doigh gurub é in t-adhar nar b'ail leis a leicm cum a tirc fein aris,

cu nach díJíímdais pectha [budh tniime F. & E.] innti. Or do

b'ail leis coroin do tabhairt tre na pais^ a ihlaithius De ar son a

saethair dhoibh. An dream iomorro do righne in pecadh do

fhuluing a mbas, or do b'ail leis coroin do thabhairt doibh ocus

a pecadh do scris, tre pais ocus tre martm cloidhimh. Ocus ni

h-increitti nar bh'ail le Dia trocmreach na saethair do ronsat

roime sin do chúitiughadh^ riu, o dho admhadar ainm De ocus o

dho ronsat a pecadh d'fhaisidi» fa dheoigh. Or gidh do

phecth^ighedur ris na mnaibh is ag cosnum anma Crist fuaradar

bas. Da reir sin as in-tugtha dh'áidh'" a méii do bhaeghal don

lucht triallus cum ca.thaighthi coidriubh'' na mban, mar is follus

isna prinnsaidib dar anmanna Dairi/ís ocus Antoniíís do chuaidh

cum catha/g'/íthi ocus a mna na bhfhochair co bhfhuaradar bas

ann. Or do claidheadh Dairiiís le h-Ala.xa náer^- ocus Antonius le

hOctouian/ís Augiistus. 'Ma.seadh ni breaghdha ocus ni tarb«ch

na mna do bheith isna longp/íortaibh, or do heir in dniis toirmeascc

an a n-oibrighthibh'^ don chorp ocus don anmain, et cetera.

1. Lis. has "colbhaibh." 2. Last t\venty-nine words omitted both in
E. & F. 3. leathniííg'/íedar ocus do scailidar E. foilgida;' iad F

4. foladar E. 5. impodar E. 6. fedh tri mile E. & F. 7. cad far
chuidig ocus cad far cedaigh E. 8. Thus F. The others read "tre pais."
•9. Trocaire na ndeíf/mgnim do ronsad roime sin do chuitiughadh ris na ridiribh
sin ontis [ontist F.] do cuadar fa cuing De E. 10. daibh ocus daire E.
%\. heiih a caidrebh ocus an aentaigh na mb E. 12. Alastranw F. & E.
1.3. ohrach.aibh E. oihxeachaihh F

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 81

by swords, and some slaughtered by battle axes, and some pierced
and bored with arrows and [smitten] with clubs, and some killed
by the weapons called pertica* and some flayed by knives while
they were still alive, and some burnt in fire, and some hung on trees
so that the warriors all died except Roland and Baldonius" and
Turpin and Ganalon and Tedricus. However Baldonius and
Tedricus* dispersed through the wood and hid themselves, and
thus they escaped.

After the Saracens had won that victory and triumph they
turned back a league's length that is three miles,^ with gladncss
and great rejoicing,

It may be asked here why God permitted those who did not
sin with the women to fall here. And no doubt this was the reason
— that He did not desire to let them [back] to their own countrj'
again so that they might not commit worse sins there,* for He
desired through their passion to grant them a crown in thekingdom
of God on account of their labours. Those people, however, who
committed the sin, He suffered their death, for He desired to give
them a crown and to blot out their sin through passion andmartyr-
dom by the sword. And it is unbelievable that the merciful
God did not desire to recompense them for the labours they had
wrought before, since they acknowledged the name of God and
made a confession of their sins at the last. Because although
they had sinned with the women it was in defending the name
of Christ they died. According to this it should be seriously
considered how much danger the society of women is to those who
go to war, as is obvious in the case of those princes whose names
were Darius and Anthony who went to battle with their women'
along with them, so that they died there. For Darius was over-
thrown by Alexander and Anthony by Octavianus Augustus,
Hence it is not a right or advantageous thing for women to be
in the camps* for luxurious-indulgence brings hindrance in their
opcrations to both body and soul — ^tc.*^

» alii perticis verberando perimuntur. ''Baldwin. "i.e. Theodoric.

•* una leuga C. leucai Fr. '^ Li(. "in it." * uxorum comitatu.

« ubi libido castranda est. •> The etc. stands perhaps for

the íollowing passage "illi qui inebriati et fornicati sunt signiíicant
sacerdotes et religiosos viros contra vitia pugnantes, quibus non licet
inebriari et mulieribus coinquinari ; quod si fecerint ab inimicis suis, id
est a daemonibus, se noverint superandos et aeterna morte plectendos.

82 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Ar crichnughad in catha tainic Rolandiis na aenar a
n-ia.vmhoT acht na Padiinach ocus do bhi seal imgcian uatha, ocus
fuair fer adhuathmur do na Vadanachaihh ar na thoirrsiug/mrf/z
don chath, ocus se na loighi isin coill. Do cengail Rolandus a
chosa ocus a lamha gu o'uaidh' re crann ocus do fhacuibh mar
sin he, ocus do chuaidh fein ar cnoc^ do bhi 'na ghairi díhag^aí/
tuarascb/íá/a na Vaddcnach [ocus do breith bmthi orra E.j Ocus
do connaic gu rabhutar moran dainc, ocus do inntó tar a ais a
s\ig\\idh Runti Uallis a nd^c/iadar [na Cnstaighi E. & F.]. Ocus
do shein buabhull eboire^ do bhi aigi, ocus tancatar fa ghut[h]
in buabuill céd eicin do na Cristaighibh, ocus do iva^oidh Rolandus
leo aris fo'n coill mar a roibhi in S^cirrisdíneach do fhagaibh
cengaillti, ocus do scail a chuibnghi dhe, ocus do nocht a c\aidheamh
os a chinn^ ocus a dubhairt "Mad ail* \eat techt leam ocus Marsiri«s
d'ioiWúw^hadh dham, leicfet as tu, ocus munab ail mmrhhíead
tu," or nir aithm'i do Rolandus Marsirius conuigi sin. Ar ngabAaíV
egla do'n Vhadanach re mbriathraibh Rolandus do chuaid leis a
cedoir ocus^ do fhoillsigh Marririus do, ocus se ar eoch ruadh,ocus
sciath cminn air. Ocus, ar na fhaghail mar sin, do cuaidh
Rolandus, ar na neartnghadh o chumachtaibh De, mailleis in
ndroing do bhi na fhochair, a cenn a namhat a c^ííoir, gan choicill,'*
ocus in nech do b'airdi ocus do ba mho do chonnaic dhibh do
scoilt d'aenbuilli c\aidhimh e fein ocus a ech o mhullach gu lar,
innus gur thuit cuid don Vhadanach da dhei? ocus cuid da ch.
Ar na fhaicsin sin do na Serrtsdineachaibh, do fhacbhadar Marsirius
maille becan buidhne ar an magh ocus do theithedar fein da gach
\eith. Ocus ar bhfhaghail neirt o Dia do Rolandus, do chuaidh
ameasc na Seirisdíneach ocus do dhichuir da gach thaebh iat,
ocus do lean Marsirius ocus se ag teitheadh, ocus do mharbh e a
mesc a mhuinntiri maiUe n^a^t ocus re cumhachtaibh De. Do
mdirhhadh iomorro isin cath' sin an céd companach* do chuaidh
isin cath le Rolandus, ocus do imthigh fein as in cath ocus ccthra

1. E. adds " dob;'aingeac/i " .■* 2. mullacli cnuicc E. 3. uo cnaim

iboirighl E. 4. F. omits last fourteen words. 5. madh ailt E.

6-6. Found in the Lismore text only. 7. Thus E. & F. Lis. has cathair

8. Thus E. & F. Lis. has "c" only.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 83

On íinishing the battle Roland came, alone, in pursuit

of the Pagans, and he was a long distance off from them, and

he found a terrible^ man of the Pagans wearied out with the battle

and lying down in the wood. Roland bound his feet and hands

tightly to a tree and left him so, and he himself went to the top

of a hill that was close to him to get some tidings of the Pagans

and to form a judgment about them. And he saw that they

were many in number and he turned back in the direction of

Runti Vallis where the Christians had gone. And hc sounded"

a horn of ivory which he had, and there came at the sound of

the horn about a hundred of the Christians, and Roland turned

back with them again to the wood where the Saracen was whom

he had left bound, and he loosed his bonds from him, and he bared

his sword over his head and said: "if you wish to come with me

and to show me Marsirius I shall let you go, and if you do not 1

shall kill you," for Roland did not know the appearance oí*

Marsirius up to this. And the Pagan taking fright at Roland's

words went with him straightway and showed Marsirius to him,

mounted on a bay^ horse and carrying a round shield. And

íinding him thus, Roland, being strengthened by the powers of

God, instantly went with as many as were in his company against

his enemy, not sparing, and the highest and biggest man that he

saw of them, he split with one sword blow, himself and his horse,

from his crown to the ground, so that part of the Pagan fell to

the right and part to the left. When the Saracens saw that, they

left Marsirius with a small band on the plain, and they themselves

íled in every direction. And Roland getting strength from God

went [in] amongst* the Saracens and scattered them in every

direction, and followed Marsirius as he íled, and slew him amongst

his people by the strength and powers of God. There were slain

moreover in that battle' the hundred companions who went into

the battle with Roland, and he himself went out of the battle

*atrum. *> Lit. "played," insonuit tuba sua eburnea. '^ Lii. M. was

not known to. '^ rufus. * irrrit super. ' bello.

84 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

slea^Jia ann, ocus se ar na gortughadh ocus ar na combrwd gu
mor [o cloidhmc ocus F. & E.] o cloch«í7>/í, ocus do thcith Bchgandus
a cedoir.

Do bhi Tedricus ocus Baldonius' mar a.dubhramar ocus drong
eh dona Crisíaighibh ar lc&thadh da gach aird don choiIl,ocus siat ^
a bhfolach tre egla. Ocus do chuaidh drong ele dhibh tar na
portuib Sidubhramar, ocus do chuaidli Serlus cona shlí<«g/íuibh tar
in cnoc do bhi don lelh ele don phort, ocus ní fhidir ní da ndernad
na dhiaigh. Tainic Rolandus na aenar tresna^ coilltibh ocus sé
ar ni tuirsiughadh do scis in catha ocus d' imshnímh bais a
companach ocus do mhéit ocus d'imat a élad,^ cusna portuibh re
n-abar Ciserei,^ ocu? do thuirlmiO' da each ar scath croinn laimh re
cloich marmwfc^ do bhí na sesomh ann ar magh aluinn isin gleann
re a n-abar Runti Uallis.' Ocus do bhi a cXdHdheamh fein aigi
ann sin, ocus do ba deadhmhaisí^ac/i oibriughadh in claidhimh sin
ocus do ba doimhesda re hén claidheamh a ghéiri,* ocus do ba
taithnemach he do réir dhea.llr aidh,^ ocus do b'é a ainm Durenda,
on ihocal so dur um A. cruaidh, ar son gur shas'" builli cruaidh do
thabhairt leis é. Or is tusca budh eshadach in lamh le mbuailfidhi
he ina esium. Ocus tuc as a thruRÍll he, ocus do bhi athaidh na
láimh aga fheg«d, ocus adubhairt maille briathraibh toirrseacha"
"a cXaidhimh as ferr don uili claidheamh ocusas imchuibhdhi'^ do
reir fhaidi ocus leithi, ocus is daingne do mhuin laidireachta., co
wdorncla ro taithnemach ibhoiri, gu c^'ois'^ ndeallra/ííAthigh ordha,
gu n-ubhull ro mhaiseach don cloich re n-abar bérillus, ar nad
chomharthug/zflííA don ainm mor .i. " Alfa"'^ ocus "0"ar na scribhadh
innat ocus as inann sin ocus tosach gan tosach gan deredh^'^ air
.i. in i-TLÍhair nemhdha, ocus ar nat daingniug/íflíí/i do bArigh'^
ocus do cumachtaibh De. Cia gnaithochas let laidm" o sc amach

1. Tyedicus ocus BaldinwMS E. (Baldinus F.) 2. iat F. & E. 3.

trid na E. 4. aal — ocus a cned E. 5. sisme E. 6. marmair E.

& F. 7. rutiual — E. 8. do réir géiri F. 9. deabha E. 10. shoghf
F. E. rcads "ar son gur sobuailte cruaidh é. 11. deracha F. & E. 12.
"caime" or "caiwe" E. & F. 13. cns E. 14. E. seems to read "ahoha "
15. dcridh E. 16. F. & E. seem to read doiborightibh and áoibxighthibh.

17. laXáiveacht E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 85

with four spears in him, greatly hurt and bruised from stones;
and Beligandus íled at once.

Tedricus and Baldonius and some more of the Christians
were, as we have said, dispersed on every side of the wood, and
hiding through fear. And more of them went over the passes
we have spoken of, and Charles with his armies went across the
hill that was on the other side of the pass and knew nothing of
the things that were done behind him. Roland came alone through
the woods, and he worn-out with the fatigue of the battle, and
with anguish at the death of his companions, and with the great-
ness and number of his [own] wounds, to the passes which are
called Ciserei,* and he dismounted from his steed under the shadow
of a tree beside a marble stone which was standing there, in a
fair plain in the valley which is called Runti VaUis.'' And he
had his own sword there, and right fair was the workmanship of
that sword, and incomparable compared with other swcrds was
it's keeness,° and glittering was it in its brightness, and its name
was Durenda,- from this word Durum, that is "hard," because
it was an instrument wherewith to give a hard blow. For the
hand by which it [the strohe] would be struck would fail sooner
then it. And he took it out of its sheath and it was for a time
in his hand, and he lcoking at it, and he spake with words of grief :
"O sword the best of all swords, and the most íitting in length
and breadth, and the íirmest in strength, with most shining hilt
of ivorj', with a hilt-cross** gleaming and golden, with a most
fair pummel' of the beryll stone,' that ait marked with the great
name Alpha and O^ engraved upon thee, which is the same
as to say "beginning without beginning without ending'' to it,"
(which is the heavenly father), and confirmed by the force
and powers of God. Who shall make free with' thy strength

* ad pedem portuum Cisere. '' super Runcievallem C. Runcaevallem

Fr. <^ The Latin adds " fortitudine inflexibilem," which is not translated.

^cruce. •pomo. '"berillus." «Not in Fr. Latin text.

''Not in the Latin texts. 'Líí. practise " tua virtute utetur."

86 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

thu. Cia bhus scalbhthoir ort, ocus cia aga mbeir' ocus cia con-
nemhas tú ? an ti aga mbia bhudh doclaite é,^ or as lg«/marbhthar
na Servísdinigh ocus scristar an cincdh meabluch ocus arduight/iear
an recht Cvistaighi ocus shirther molad ocus gloir do Dhia. As
adhbhul a mhence do mharbhas ocus do thiwdmes^ ScTrisdíneacha
leat, d'sLvdughadh an creidimli Cvistaighi*; ocus asmí«icdcdhighl«s
íuil mu thighí'ama fein Isu Crist leat, or gach minceachl^ do
mharbhas lubhul meablach no Sevvisdineach leat, asi in menca
sin dom dhoigh do dhiglas fuil Crtst. A c\aidhimh is géiri don
uili chlaidheamh , ní roibhi do cosmhuil ocus ni bhia, or in te do
rindi thú ni áherna. se h'innsham/zrt// romhat na ad dhiaigh. Nír
fhed hheith na hethaidh nech do crechtnaigheadh^ leat. Doiligh
leam da mbia tú ag ridm aineolach no mheta, no ag Sevvisdíneach,
no ag nech cealgach ele."

A haithle na mbriathar soin, con nach tccmfld' in claidheamh
a lamhhuibh na Sevvisdíneach do bhuail tri bhuilli dhe isin cloich
marmaiV do bhi 'na fhiadhnwisi.innus gu mhriseadh^ é. Do scoilt
in buiUi sin in cloch o mhulluch gu lar ocus do bhi in claidheanih
slan da éis.^ Do thinnscaiw iar sin a buabhall eboire do sheiwm,
innus, co ticeadh nech eicin dona Cristaighibh da roibhi a bhfholach
isna coilltibh chuigi, no co n-impaideadh drong eicin da ndechaidh
tar na portuibh chuigi, ocus gu mheidís re h-a.dhlacadh^'^ a. cuiip
ocus gu ngabhdais a clatdheamh ocus a ech do leanmhain na
Sevvisdineach. Ocus do chuir an mheit sin do nert ocus do bhrigh
na anail ac seinm in hhuabhmll innus cor scoilt ar dho" he, ocus
aithristéfl/' fos gur bArisetur féithi ocus cuisHnna ina hhraghmt
leis.

Do threovaigh in t-aingel guth in bhuabhuill sin a gcluasaibh
Serluis isin gleann re n-abar Gleann Serluis, mar ar saidheadh
a phubull, maille na shluagh, oct mili do leith na Gaiscúine on

1. cia gambeir F. 2. é not in Lis. 3. Tinnmus F. E. omits the passage.
4. E. omits last fiíteen words. 5. gach minca E. & F. 6. crecht-

nochaidhe E. & F. 7. andoigh co teigemadh E. 8. andoigh co mbns-
íeadh e E. mbrisidh F. 9. ocus is amlaidh do sgar in claidhem risin
cloich, do sgoilt se i nir miste e fein E. (F. near]y the same). 10. ocus
rehaidhaigh (?) E. Lis. has gu mhheidis. 11. ar a do E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 87

from this out. Who shall be possessor of thee, and who shall
have thee, and who grasp thee ! He who shall have thee will be
invincible/ for it is by thee Saracens are killed and the treacherous
tribe destroyed, and theChristian law exalted,and praise and glory
sought for God. Very great is the number of times I have slain
and hewn down Saracens with thee," to exalt the Christian faith ;
often with thee have I avenged the blood of my own lord, Jesus
Christ, for every time so often as I slew a guileful Jew or Saracen
wth thee even so often I am sure did I avenge the blood of Christ."
O sword keenest of all swords, there never was thy like and
there never shall be, for he who made thee never made the like
of thee before or after thee. Anyone who was wounded by thee
could not live. I were grieved to think that an ignorant or
cowardly knight or a Saracen or any other treacherous one
should have thee.

After those words, in order that the sword might not come
into the hands of the Saracens, he smote three blows of it on the
marble stone that was before him** so that he might break the blade.*
Those blows' split the stone from top to bottom yet the sword
remained whole after it. Thereafter he began to sound his ivory
horn* so that some one of the Christians — of those who were in
hiding in the woods — might come to him, or that some of those

who had gone beyond the passes might return to him, that they
might be there to bury his body, and that they might take his
sword and his horse to pursue the Saracens. And he put so much
strength and vigour into his breath in sounding the horn that he
spht it in two, and it is related also that the sinews and veins
broke in his neck.'*

The angel directed the voice of that trumpet to the ears of
Charles in the valley which is called Charles's Valley, where his
trnt was pitched, together with his host, eight miles on the Gasgony

" The Latin has the foUowing sentence which is not in the Irish : " non
attonitus non formidine inimicorum perterritus non ullis fantasiis pavidus
sed semper erit divina virtute fretus divino auxilio circumdatus."
'' quotiens inimicos Christi peremi. * Both the Latin texts add "per

te Dei judicia adimplentur pes manusque assuetae latrocinio amputantur."
'^Lit "in his presence." ' Lit. "it." ^ Lit. "that blow."

Dedevant lui ad une pierre brune

Dis colps i íiert, ne freint ne s'esgruniet. Chanson de Roland.
« tuba altisona tonitruare. "^ venae colli ejus et nervi rupta íuisse feruntur.

88 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

inadh a roibhi Rolandus. Ar na cloistsm sin do Shcrlus do íhohair
impodh a chcdoir d'fhurtacht Rolandwis, ocus do thoirmisc Gan-
alonus é. Or do bhi fis oigeda' Rolandus aigi, ocus [aseadh F.]
adubliuirt "a Thighí'ama na himpa, or is beg an chuis fa a seinnfcdh
Rolandus a bhuaball ; ocus bidh a fhis agrtd nach ric^ a les fortacht
anois, acht is dóthcha a beith ag fiadhuch no ag lenmham hcthidhigh
allta eicin tresna coiUtibh." Ocus as truagh na comhairleíf/m
cealgacha sin a cosmhaiHus b^ííith ludais mheabluigh ar a thigh-
earna. Ar mheith do Rolandus na loighi ar fer in mhuighi do
ghabh tart adhbhul he, ocus tainic Baldonius a hhráthsdr chuigi
ocus do ghuigh é fa uisgi do thabhairt dó, ocus do chuaidh Bal-
donius dá gach leith d'isiraidh usgi, ocus ní fhuair. Ocus ar n-a
fflicsin-siuw a ngaire do bas,^ do cheileab/ímíg/í dho, cu nach
tecmad é fein a lamhaibh na Serrisdineach. Do chuaidh ar cch
Rolanduis ocus ruc a chlaidheamh leis,* ocus do lean sluagh
Serluis.

Ocus, ar n-imthecht dó, tainic Teidricus a cedoir cum
Rolanduis,^ ocus do bhi ag a chdlnedh go áicra ocus aga radh ris
a anum do áhQ.ingniughadh o fhaisitin an c;'eidmhe,^ or do ghabh
Rolandus corp Qrist in la sin fein, ocus logfld a phecadh o shac-
artaibh do bhi ar in shgidh re ndul cum in chatha dho. Or fa
bes doibh in drong do ihcigheadh cum catha dhibh ao áhdiingniughaú
a n-anmann o corp Crist, ocus o fhaisitin, tre lamhuibh sacart
ocus esbac ocus manach re ndul isin cath. Is ann do thocaibh
Rolandus mairtír Dé, a shuile cum nimhe ocus adubhairt [co
áerz.ch aith[r]each E.] na bnathra so : "A thighearna a Isú Qrxit
o's ar son do chrciáim do fhacbus mo áhuthaigh ocus tanac is na
cnchihh barbarda' so d'ardug/iflí/A do cristaigheachta.-sa., ocus do
bhnses moran do cathaiéA ar chir\eadha.chaíbJt^ ainghidhi ar na m'

1. adhaigh F. "oighidh" E. 2. rige . . . a íurtacht E. 3. angaire
bais F. & E. 4. F. & E. omit last íive words. 5. prinnsa na

cfodhachta E. 6. in creidim koilik [=catoilice] E. K stands in theso
MSS. for "cath" and "ca." 7. allmurda E. & F. 8. ar cineachajfcA E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 89

side from the place where Roland was. WhenCharlesheardthat, he
made as though* to return at once to succour Roland, but Ganalon
prevented him. For he knew the fate of Roland and said, "my
lord do not turn back for it is a small cause for which Roland
would sound his horn, and know that he requires no aid now, but
it is more hkely that he is hunting or pursuing some wild beast
through the woods." Alas I those deceitful counscls, after the
simihtude of the treachery of false Judas to his lord !

As Roland lay on the grass of the plain a dreadful thirst took
hold of him, and Baldonius," his kinsman,° came to him and
Roland besought him to give him water; and Baldonius went
in every direction to look for water and he found none. And
seeing Roland near death he bade him farewell so that he himself
might not fall into the hands of the Saracens. He mounted
Roland's steed and took his sword with him and foUowed Charles's
army. And on his departing came Tedricus'* at once to Roland
and was lamenting bitterly for him and bidding him fortify his
soul by confession of the faith, for Roland had received the body
of Christ that very day and absolution for his sins from priests
who were on the road before his going into battle. For it was
their custom — all of them who used to go to battle — to fortify
their souls by the bodv of Christ and by confession at the hands
of priests and bishops and monks before going into the íight. It
was then Roland, God's martyr, raised his eyes to heaven and
spake these words with tears and penitence : "O Lord Jesus Christ
since it is for thy faith I have left my country and have come into
these barbarous lands to exalt thy Christianity, and I have broken

* voluit. The Chanson de Roland relates thus :

Li quens Rollanz par peine e par ahan
Par grant dulur sunet sun olifant
Par mi la buche en salt íors li cler sancs
De sun cervel h temples en est rumpant
De r corn qu'il tient 1' oie en est mult grant
Carles 1' entent ci est as porz passant.

•" Baldwinus. * "His kinsman," or perhaps "brother," is not in the Latin.
Tradition preserved the name of the steed, Veillantif.
Sur Veillantif sun bon cheval curant.

* Tedricus C. Theodoricus Fr.

90 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR,

(iaingniughad ott furtacht-sa, ocus do fhuilnges moran do theas
ocus d'fhuacht ocus d'ítain' ocus d'ocuras ocus do dhocamhlaibh
ele ar do slion, cuirim m'anum ar h'inchuibh isin hhcihaidh-si .
Ocus Qxnhail ro bo dhi«gbhala leat do gcincm/irtm ar mu shon
ocus dul a cwich ocus bas d'fhag/zflíV ocus dul a n-adlflcad ocus
QÍrghe o mha.xhhaihh in treas la ocus dul ar nemh nar fhacbais'^
riam gan do cumhachta ar lathair ann,^ gurab mar sin bus dingbala
\et m' anam-sa do saeradh o'n bas shuthain. Or admhaim mu
heith cintach pccthach níis mo ina mar as eidir leam a innisi.
Gidhedh o atai-si mor-trocuireach [gmsamhail E.] ag maithemh
na n-uili peca.d ocus gu ndenc trocuire ar gach nech ghuighis tu^
ocus nach fuaith leat ní dha nd^rnais^ ocus cu ceili na pecaidh
ocus co ndermnide do shír iat in la impaidius in pecthach cugut
ocus do ní aithrighi (or do choiclis lucht na cathrach dar ainm
Ninue^ ar ndenum Siithvighi dhoibh, ocus do mhaithis a pecadh
don mnai' frith ag denum an adaltruis ocus do mhaithis a cair
[co h-imlan E.] do Mhuire Maddalew'* ocus do oscluis doirrsi
Parrthnis don g/?ííduidhi ar ndenum a fhaisitn^acA'* dho) na
diult dam-sa aniugh logad mu pheca.dh, ocus maith dhamh gach
ar pheacthaighecis at' aghaidh, ocus suidhigh mh' anum isin
cumsanfld shuthar;; ; or is tusa fo dera. gan ar cuirp-ne do dul
gu dímhain^rtcA, acht a c\a.echlodh a sdaid is ferr,'"ocus is tú do ní
an t-anum, ar ndea.\nghadh risin corp, do hheith beo, a mhethaidh
as ierr, ocus as tu adubhairt nar bh'ail \eat bas in phecthaxgh
acht a hheith na hethaidh chum impoidh do. Creidiw om' cAridhi
[ocus o mh'anum E.] ocus admhaim om' bel gurub uimi is ail
\eat mh' anam do hhreith on hethaidh so da heith beo a mhethaidh
as ferr. Crcidim fos, a mbi idir scaile ocus corp, go mbi" sin do
mhaith ar in cciU agus ar an tnicsin bias aigi, tar mar ata anois."*^

1. tart E. & F. 2 robuis F. 3. F. omits "ann." 4. F. & E. omit
last three words. 5. Thus F. & E. Lis. has "ndema." 6. niniue

F & E. 7. Lis. has "mna." 8. F. & E. omit the .second d.

F. aspirates the d. 9. fhaisidi F. íaisidin E. 10. Thus F. & E.

Lis. has "a stuit is fherr." 11. sic E. Lis. mbia. E. has "in raeidQ sin
do maithius." 12. ata ann anois E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 91

many battles over vicious tribes fortifying myself by thy aid,
and I have suffered much heat and cold and thirst and hunger
and other hardships for thy sake, I place my soul under thy pro-
tection in this hfe.* And even as thou didst think it worthy to
be born for me and to go upon the cross and die and be buried and
rise from the dead the third day and go to heaven, which thou
didst never leave without thy power being present there, even so
mayest thou think it worthy to save my soul from eternal death.
For I acknowledge that I am guilty and sinful mcre than I can
tell. Howsoever since thou art great and merciful'' and gracious
íorgiving all sins, and since thou showest mercy to every one
who prayeth to thee and hatest nothing that thou hast made,
and hidest away the sins and forgettest them for ever on the day
the sinner turns to thee and repents— for thou sparedst the people
of the city named Niniveh when they repented, and thou didst
forgive her sin to the woman who was found committing adultery,
and thou didst wholly forgive her crime to Mary Magdalene,''
and thou didst open the doors of Paradise to the thief when h(i
made his confession, — do not refuse me to-day forgiveness of my
sins, and forgive me all that I have sinned against thee, and
seat my soul in rest eternal ; for it is thou art the cause of
our bodies not going wastc but of their being changed into
a better state, and it is thou who makest the soul on parting
írom the body to be alive in a life that is better, and it is thou
who hast said that thou didst not desire the death of the sinner,
but that he should live to turn again. I believe from my heart
and soul and I acknowledge with my hps that the reason thou
desirest to take my soul from this life is that it may be alive in
a life that is bettcr. I believe moreover that all that there is
[of difference] between shadow and body there will be the same
amount of difference in the good [added after death] to the sense
and the understanding a man** shall have, beyond how he is now.

*in hac hora. ^ Lit. "great-merciful gracious." " The Latin adds "et

Petro lacrimanti relaxasti." ^ Lit. "he." « Perhaps not very happily

translated in the Irish. The Latin is plain : Sensum et intellectum quem

nunc habet tanto meliorem habebit quantum diftert umbra a corpore.

92 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Ocus ag connmhail croicinn a ochta ocus a chigh, mar do aithris
Tedencus, do raidh na briathra so maille h-osnaduibh devacha :
"A Tighcarna, a Isu Críst, a mheic Dhe bhi ocus Muire oighi,
admhuim ocus creidim om' iwnibh' uile gurab tu mu cennaighthcoir
ocus gu bhfhuih ad' hethaidh, ocus gu n-eireoch^ fein as in t&lmhain
isin lo dheighineach ocus gu bhfhaiceabh asin coluinn-si Dia mu
shl«Haightheoir fein." Ocus adubhairt ainnsein fo thri ag cur
laimhe ar a shnilibh "do chithíid na suiU so he," ocus ag osgladh
a shul aris do fhech do chum nime ocus do daingnjg/» a uihnn
a ailt^ ocus a bruinne o comharthi na croiche naemtha, ocus
adubhairt : "As áeroil leam gach uili ni tdlmhaidht* anois, or
sailim co bhfaiceabh do mhuin tindlaíc/Ai De ní nar shill suil ocus
nach cuala clwas, ocus nach dechaidh a craidhe duine do' xxhmhaigh
Dia don droing ler ab inmwm he." Ocus as a aithli sin do thocuibh
a lamha cum a Dhia fein,^ ocus do rinne edarghuighi ar son na
droingi fuair bas isin chath, ccus adubhairt : "A Thighearna,"
ar se, "dail do throcaire ar h'fhirenuibh fein fuair bas aniugh
isin cath, ocus tainic a cnchuibh imciana is na tiribh
allmhardha so do C3.thughadh ris in cineadh meabluch, ccus
d' a.rdughadh ha«ma naemhtha-sa, ocus do dhighailt hfhola uaish,
ocus d' íoiUsmghadh do cAmdimh, ocus atait anois na loighi ar
ia.ghhhail bais do lamhaibh na Seirrisdíneach ar do shon-sa, ocus
scns a Thighearna a pecuidh co trocuireach ocus saer a n-anmanna
o pianuibh ifírinn ocus cuir h'archaingea^' naemtha do shaeríiíf/i
a n-anmann o úaithemnas in dorc/mduis, ccus da mbmth isin
úaithemnus neamhdha., innus gu mbeit a comhíhlaithius ret mhair-
ttVibh naemhtha, farit fein,^ gun crich [gan forcenn E.]

Ocu? aga fhacbhail do Thedricus ac denam na h-urnaighíi
ocus na ta.isitneach so, do scar anum Rolanduis a ceí/oir re na chor[>
ocus do thimurchadh^ ag na hainglibh he isin cumsanad suthain,
mar a bhfhuil in Raithemhnas ocus iu ga.irdechus gan forcenn, ar
na cengal re corugh^" mairtirí^flcA naemtha tre dingmaltacht" a
gniomthara [ocus a oihrighthi fein E.]

1. om anmain ocus om uile br — E. 2. sic F. also; E. has "eirochadh."
3. a uile alt E. & F. 4. a talmam E. 5. E. & F. read noch do.

6. chum Dia E. 7. ardaingil E. 8. a cumann ocus a caidreab red

mairtireachaí6A F. co mheiih comflaithemhnas a.cu re m. n. íarut
fein E. 9. do himcradh E. himwrcad F. 10. corad F. corug — E.

11. dingmalacA/ E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 93

And grasping the skin of his bosom and breast, as Tedericus
related, he spoke these words with tearful groanings : "O Lord
Jesus Christ, O Son of the hving God and the Virgin Mary, I
acknowledge and beheve with all my heart" that thou art my
redeemer and that thou HVest and that I myself shall arise from
the earth at the last day and that I shall see God my own Saviour
in this body." And he said then, thrice over, putting his hand
upon his eyes, "thcse eyes shall see him" ; and opening his eyes
again he looked to heaven, and he fortified'' his elbow, his joints,
and his breast with the sign of the holy cross and spake : "Every
earthlv thing I think miserable* now, for I think that I shall see
by the giff^ of God a thing which eye never beheld and ear never
heard and that never entered into the heart of man, which God
has prepared for those who love him." And after that he lifted
up his hands to his God,* and made intercession for those who
had died in the battle and he said, "O Lord, said he ,"distribute
thy mercy to thine own righteous ones who died to-day in the
battle, and who came from far-away countries into these
íoreign lands to fight with the deceitful nation and to exalt thy
holy name, and to avenge thy noble blood, and to show forth
thy faith, and they are now lying, having died by the hands of
the Saracens for thy sake, and O Lord mercifully blot out their
sins and save their souls from the pains of hell, and send thy holy
archangel to save their souls from the kingdom of darkness and
to bear them into the heavenly kingdom so that they may
reign together with the holy martyrs along with thyself world
without end."

And when Tedricus left him making this prayer and con-
fession the soul of Roland straightwav parted from his body, and
it was borne' by the angels into the everlasting rest where is the
heavenly kingdom and joy unending, joined to choirs of holy
martyrs through the worthiness of their own deeds and works.

*Lí7. from all my inwards, totis visceribu.'^. '' coepit ....

oranes artus suos et pectus signo sanctae crucis munire. '^ Michi

villescunt C. ^ Christo donante. * Lií. "his own God." ^ transfertur.

04 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

In tan do scar anum Rolanduis re n-a chorp, "ocus misi,"
ar* Turpinus, "isin inad remraidhti, .i. a ngleann Serluis, ocus
me ag radh aithfnnn na marbh a fia.dhnuisi an impíVi isin lo
cedna. .i. in ciiigeadJí^ callaw dec do mi luil, do chuadhas a támh,
ocus do chuala cora^ [aingel ocus arcaingel E.] ag canamhuin
ciuil ag dul cum nimi. Ocus nír tuiccs-sa in ní sin. Ocus ag
dul a n-airdi dhoibh do chonnac drong do ridiribh ag teacht na
ndcghaidh maiUc dnssacht mor mar do hheith creach leo, ocus do
íh\a.ír uigheas cu h-obunn [dibh" arsiTurpinus E.] "cret do bhi accu
ag a breith leo. 'Ata againn,' ar siat, 'Marsirius ag a bhreith
cum ifírinn. Bur tnmipoir-si* iomorro ata Michel ag a bhreith
cum na cathrach nemhdha, maille moran eli leis.' Ocus ar
canumAam in aithfnnn [dam F. & E.] do innisiws^ don Impir
gach ni da bhfflca, ocus a.dubhart ris : "Bidh a fhis agat co fir-
inneach co ruc Mic[\el archaingeí?/ anam Rolanduis maille moran
d' anmannuibh Cristaighi eli leis cum nimhe ; ocus ni íhedur-Sdi
cret in bas fuair, ocus rwcadar na diabail spirí/t duini eicin dar
ainm Marsirius leo cum iíírinn, maillí moran d' anmannuibh
Siinchristaighi eli."^

"Ocus, ag a radh sin damh, tainic Baldonius chughaim a
cedoir ar ech Rolanduis, ocus do innis gach ni da ndernad ann.
Ocus do innis gur fhacuibh Rolandus a n-airtecaP háis a bhfhogus
do® cloich marmuir isin cnuc," mar a.dnbhramar.

Ar leicen gairthedh ocus comharc isin tslúagh uih do thinn-
isna.ighedur^ cum an inaid a roibhi Rclandus, ocus tainic Serlus
roimh chach, ocus fuair Rolandus na loighi gan awmuin ocus he
sinti, ocus a lamha ar a ucht a bhfhighair na croisi cesda, ocus
do loigh ar a mhuin, ocus do bhi [ag a pogadh ocus E.] ga chaímdh
maille hosna.dhaibh ocus re d^Vuibh ocus re h-uallaibh'" ocus re
hecaintibh dothuarflscbhala, ocus do ghabh ag fascad a ghlac
ocus a' scribadh a aighthi le a ingnaibh^^ ocus ag tarraing a fhuilt
ocus a fhesóigi ; ocus adubhairt do ghuth ard maille toirrsi moir :

1. arsiE. & F. 2. in sechtmadh E. & F. 3. cowradh E. 4. E. reads
ata Michel ag a breith buaiw cum na cathrach n., etc. 5. do innsis

F. & E. 6. F. omits last íive words. 7. airceíul F. E. seems to read
fo»'cedul. 8. don E. & F. 9. gluaiseadar F. & E. The sentence is

turned quite ditJerentl^ in E. 10. nuallaib E. & F. 11. F. omits last
eight words but inserts "le na ingnaibh" after "fuilt."

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 95

When* Roland's soul had parted from his body, "I," said''
Turpin, "being in the above-named place, namely in Charles's
Valley, and saying the mass of the dead in the presence of the
emperor that same day, namely the fifteenth" kalends of the
month of July, fell into a trance and heard choirs of angels
and archangels chanting music going up to heaven. And that
thing I understood not. And after they had gone up on
high, I beheld a band of knights coming behind them with
great boldness, as though they had a prey with them, and
I suddenly asked," said Turpin, "what it was they had which
they were carrying off with them. "We have," said they,
"Marsirius being brought to hell. Your trumpetcr,*^ however,
Michael is bringing him to the heavenly city with many others
along with him." And when I had sung the mass I told the
emperor everything I had seen, and I said to him, "know thou
for truth that Michael the archangel has brought Roland's soul
with many other Christian souls along with him to heaven ; but
I know not by what death he died, and the devils have brought
the spirit of a certain man whose name is Marsirius with them
to hell together with many other unchristian souls."

And just as I had said that, Baldonius® came to us straight-
way on Roland's steed, and told everything that had been done.
And he related that he had left Roland at the point of death
close to a marble stone on the hill, as we have mentioned.

Uttering shouts and cries throughout the entire host they
hastened to the place where Roland was, and Charles came before
all others and found Roland lying hfeless stretched out with his
hands on his bosom in the figure of the cross of crucifixion, and
he lay over him kissing and lamenting him with sighs and tears
and waihngs and lamentations indescribable, and he fell to
wringing his hands and tearing his face with his nails and pluck-
ing out his hair and beard, and he spoke with a loud voice in great

"The Irish translation omits here a short chapter in hexameters and penta-

meters entitled "De nobilitate moribus et largitate beati Rotholandi

inartyris." ^' There is no "said" in the Latin. •= Sexto decimo.

^ tibicinem virum. ^ Balduinus.

96 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

"A lamh dhcs mu chuirp, a mhaisi na Frangcach, a claidhimh na
firentachta, a shleagh dho-fhillte, a luireach nemA' -tTU^Ulnighihi,
a chathbhair in tsla.naighihi [ocus na cvodhachta. E.] a bharamArtj/
Judais Mrtcabeus^ ar crodhacht : a innshamhail Shamsoin ar
hiidíVi : a leitheit Shaul ocus Ion[at]as''' ar thoicthi* bais : a
ridin ro ghr^anmhair do b' eolcha a cathaibh idir na huili dhainibh
ocus do ba laidiVi ina gach nech. A cheinel righda, a scristoir
na SeÍTTÍsdíneach a ditnightheoir na Cvistaighi, a mhur na cléireach,
a lorg na n-anmhunn, a bhiadh na feadhbh, a shasad na ndaint'
mbocht ocus saidhbír, a edtTomaidhtheoir na" n-eglrtis, a thenga
da nár aithnidh' brecc a mbreithemhnas chaich, a larla uasail
na Frangcach, a thaisigh shhíagh na CTÍsiaighi, crét fa twcus isna
cnchaibh-si thu ! Cidh um a faicim® marbh thu. Cidh um nach
íaghaim bas leat. Cid mu a bhfhacbhai mhe toirrsech dimhaineach."
As truadh mar atu'" bocht, ni íhedwr cred do ghe«. Bí-si" ad
bheaihaidh maille h-aingl/W/ nime, ocus bi a ngairdeachus maille
coroin na mairtireach ocus a forbhfailtÍMS mailleis in uili naem,
ocus biat-sa [re m' re E.] agut chaine mar do chain Daibiá Saul
ocus Jonatas ocus Absalom.'^ Atai-si ar ndul a d' thir dhuthaigh
ar n-am'^ fhacbAaí7-si co himsnimrtcA [dobronach dub/zach E.]
ar in saeghfl/ so. As taitneach do thegdhflis-si'^ ocus is bronach
ar laithi-ne, ocus do bí h'aeis ocht mbliaííwa dec ar .xx.'' Ocus
gia adhluictí/' a ta.\mhai)t thu atai ar ndul [a n-airde go glormur E.]
cum fleighe'''' Parr/Aa/s. Gurub uime sin as imshnimhach'^ in
ssLCghal ocus is forbhfail/^rtcA in flí7//Aemnus neamdha gut anorad.
Ocus do bhi Serlus ac caine Rolanduis do na briathraibh-si,
ocus da cosm/?aí7ibh'' in cein do mhair. As a haithli [na cuma
ocus na briathar E.] sin do shaidh Serlus a phuhal in a.ghaidh
sin isin inrtd a roibhi Rolandus marbh, ocus do urail corp Rolanduis
do chumhdach [ocus do maisiug/?rtí/A E.] do bhalsaimw ocus do

1. E. & F. rcad do-t. for nemh-t. 2. Mic Ebeus F. Mic Abeus E.

3. louais F. E. seems to read tlie same. 4. toici F. toidhce E.

5. marbh ocus na d. mb. E. 6. Perhaps "edtTomughadh." etruwug —
E. & F. 7. nar thaithigh E. 8. ma fheithim F. 9. imsniw/tach E.

10. ataim E. 11. heirsi F. 12. Jonas ocus .\bstalon F. ocus Jonata*
Absolom ! E. 13. nar f — ne F.gar f — ne E. 14. as taithnemach

glormar dodtanmai«si E. 15. Thus E. Lis. has "íiegh." 16. Thus

E. & F. Lis. has "imshnimh." 17 cosmaileí/A E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 97

grief, "O right hand of my body,* O beauty of the Franks,'' O

sword of righteousness, O spear not to be turned," breastplate

unsulHed, O helmet of Salvation and valour, Othousimilar to Judas

Macabaeus for valour, O thou hke unto Samson for strength, O

thou such as Saul or Jonathan was in the fortune of death,"* O

knight right pleasant and of all men most knowledgable in battles

and more powerful than any man, O royal offspring, destroyer of

the Saracens, protector of the Christians, wall of the clergy, staff

of the feeble, food of the widows, satisfaction of men poor and

rich, hghtener of the churches [burdens],^ tongue which in the

judgment of all never knew a lie, noble earl of the Franks, chieftain

of the hosts of the Christians, why did I ever bring thee into these

countries ? Why do I behold thee dead ? Why die I not along

with thee ? Why dost thou leave me sorrowful and desolate ?'

Alas ! how poor am I ! I know not what I shall do. Live thou

with the angels of heaven, and be in joy with the crown of the

martyrs, and in happiness with every saint, and I shall be, so

long as I live, lamenting thee as David lamented for Saul and

Jonathan and Absolom.^ Thou art going to thy native country

leaving me full of care and sorrow and sadness in this world.

Brilhant is thy abode but sorrowful is our day; and thy age

was thirty-eight years. And though thou art buried in earth

thou art going aloft gloriously to the feast of Paradise. Therefore

it is that full of care is this world, and joyous is the heavenly

kingdom honouring thee."

And Charles was lamenting for Roland with these and
like words so long as he was alive.'' After that lamentation
and those words Charles pitched his tent for that night in
the place where Roland lay dead, and he gave orders to
preserve and adorn Roland's body with balsam and myrrh and

»The Latin adds barba optima. •'Gallorum. •= inflexibilis. '^ mortis
íortuna. « revelatio ecclesiarum. ^inanem. KThe Latin breaks

into verse as foUows : —
Tu patriam repetis, nos triste sub orbe relinquis,

Te tenet aula nitens, nos lacrimosa dies.
Sex qui lustra gerens octo bonus insuper annos

Ereptus terrae justus ad astra redis.
Ad parasidicas epulas te cive reducto

Unde gemit mundus gaudet honore polus.

^ his verbifi et his similibus Karolus Rotholandum luxit quamdiu vixit.

98 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

mirra. ocus d' aloes ocus do rinnedar cach uili a fhairc cu h-anorach
[frichnamach E.] re hedh na h-oighthi sin, mailk canntaireacht
ocus re canitibh' ocus re lócArannuibh [ocus re tapambh E.] do
hheiih ar lasrtd na thimcheall ocus re teinntibh d' adhaint ar fud
in fhega [ocus na coilledh E.] co hmlidhi. Ocus do chuadar a
mucha in lai ar na mharach, armtha eidighthi, cum an inaid ar
cuÍTeá [in t-ar ocus E.] in cath, ocus in a rabhutur in lucht cath-
aighthi marbh isin glenn re n-a.har Runcia.''^ Ocus fuair gach
drong aca a caruit íein, cuid dibh marbh ocus cuid eli beo, ocus
cuid a croiHghi háis. As amlaidh fuarudar Oluerus na loighi ar
talmhain ar n-aitherrac/í on t-shoillsi shoeghalla cum na soillsi
suthaíwi, ocus hé ar na shinedh a bhfhigair na croisi césta., ocus
ar na chengal [ocus ar na cnihveach E.] do cordaidhihh cn/aidi
do chethra cuailHbh,^ ocus a cAroicenn ar na bhuain de do^ scenaibh
ro ghera, o inn^ a mheoir co a mhullach, ocus se ar na chirrbadh^
do ghaibh ocus do shoighdibh ocus do claidmhihh o mhoran do
bhuillí6/í. Ocus do tocbhadh eighmhe [ocus cow/airc F.] mora
ocus hrón ar nach roibhi nuimíV acu or do bhi gach nech dhibh
ag caine a charat fein, ocus do linadur na glennta ocus coillti do
comharcaib ocus d' eighmhibh [ocus do basgaire E.].

As a aithle sin do luidh in ri fa Eiw-nDia' uih-chumachtach
nach anffld ac lenmhai^ na Fadanach no go fagrtd iat. Ocus
in tan do b'ail leis a luighi do choimhlínadh do mhuin
ghnima, do thadhbhaisedh^ doibh an grian do hheith na
comhmtidhi ocus in la ar na íhaiditighadh re spas tri la.
Ocus fuair ainsein na Seirrisdinigh [an a suidhi F.] ag caithim
a codrtch laimh risin snith darub ainm Ebra^ a ngar do
infld re n-abar Cesar Agusta,''^ Ocus do dhoirt^' in ri na cenn
mar \eomhan ag dul ar creich.'^ Ocus ar mharhhadh cethra míle
dhec'^ dibh do impo in ri cona shluagh arís cum in gleanna re
n-abar Ruwnsia. Ocus ar mbmth a ndaine marb ocus loit/de
ocus eslan leo cum an inaid a roibhi corp Rolanduis do thindscain

1 coinnlib E & F. 2. Ruinsia F. & E. 3. F. omits last three words.
4. le E. & F. 5. finn F. & E. 6. E. inserts several other synonomous

verbs. 7. Lis. has eiwndia. F. & E. endia. 8. to'ú\s,ighedh F.

9. Eabra E. 10. sesar augustus E. 11. E. adds ocus do spor.

12. dul fo ellach E. 13. ceitH mile E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 99

aloes, and every one waked*him with honour and fervour during all
that night, with chanting and candles [E. & F.] and with lamps and
tapersht around him and with kindhng of fires throughout the entire
grove and wood. And early on the morrow they marched in arms
and armour to the place where the battle had been fought and
the slaughter made, where the fighting men were [lying] dead
in the valley which is called Runcia.'' And every band of them
found their own friends, some of them dead and some of them alive,
and some of them in the agonies of death.° And this is how they
found Ohver, lying on the ground changed from the hght of this
world to the light eternal, stretched out in the figure of the
cross of crucifiction, and bound and fastened with hard cords to
four stakes, his skin taken off him with full-sharp knives from the
tips of his fingers to his crown, and mangled** with many blows
from spears and arrows and swords. And great lamentations and
cries were raised and [sounds of] grief beyond number by them,
for every one was lamenting his own friend, and they filled the
valleys and woods with outcries and wailings and clapping of
hands.^

After that the king sware by the one omnipotent God that
he would not desist from following the Pagans until he found them.
And when he desired to fulfil his oath by carrying it into deed
it appeared to them that the sun was at a stand-still and the day
lengthened for the space of three days. And then he found the
Saracens eating their meal beside the stream which is called
the Ebra' close to a place which is called Caesar Augusta.
And the king burst^ upon them like a lion going for a prey.
And after killing fourteen^ thousand of them the king returned
again with his army to the valley which is called Runnsia.'
And taking their dead and wounded and sick people with them
to the place where Roland's body was, Charles began to enquire

^ Lií. "watched," " exequias peregerunt. •'in RuncievaJle C. Runcia-

valle Fr. <= letaliter vulneratos. Crolighi usually means "l^dng in gore."
^Jaculisque et sagittis lanceisque et spatis perforatum magnisque ictibus
baculorum attritum invenerunt. « One word "clamoribus" stands in

the Latin íor these three. ' Ebro. « Lit. poured, see note h, p. 79.

^ The Latin texts read 4,000. • ad Runcievallem C. ad Runciamvallem Fr.

100 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Scilus a iarmhoracht ar' bhíir no ar'-^ hrég gur b'c Ganalonus do
tliinnlaic na ca.thaighíhi cuigi,^ mar adubAmtar moran. Ocus do
urail a ccdoir da ridiri armtha eidighthi do chur cum comraic d'
íhoiUsiiíghadh na fui«di .i. Pinapcllus a hucht Ganalonuis, ocus
Tedencus* a hucht Serluis. Ocus do thuit PinapcUus a ceííoir.
Ar bhfoillsiug/zííí//í hraiih Ganalonuis mar sin do urail Scrlus a
cengal as scotaib^ ceathra sdet uaibhreach ocus do chuir marcach
ar gach sded dibh da mhrosdiighadh^ o cheile is na ceathm hairdibh .
Ocus ar scoltad chuirp Ganalonuis o chele mar sin, fuair bas mar
do dhged*

As a haithle sin do cumhdaighetur cuirp na ndaine marb
sin maille [neiihibh dedhhsilaidh examla .i. cuid dib maille F. & E.]
mirra, ccus drong le balsam,' ocus drong le haloc,^ ocus sochaidhi
ag nach bidí's neithi dcghbhalífíV//í do scoiltdis cuirp a carad ar a
mbronnuibh, ocus do chuirdis salann orra. Drong ele dhibh do
hadl«cfld isin inad in ro marbad. Ocus do imcmtar^ drong ele
dibh cuirp a carat leo isin Fraingc da n-adhlacaí^A, an a n-inadaibh
dilsi."' Ocus do batar da reilic uaisli choisercta" a focus doibh
ann sin .i. reih'c dibh isin inad re n-abur Arelatew'^ ocus reih'c ele
san inad re n-ahar Burdegal'^ do fhulair in t-impm do choisercad
do law/mib vii n-esbag do bhi na fhochair, ocus as inntibh sin
do h-adlflcad in chuid is mo dá fuair hás ann sin.

Ocus in drong fuair hás a mullach slebhe Garsim, ris nar ben
arm, is annsna reilgibh sin, do h-adlaiccííA iat, ar comailt neithe

I. arfhír F. Narbfír E. 2. nar E. 3. na ka CriostaighiE. "an K"
(i.e. cath) F. 4. Tredicus E. & F. 5. a foltaib E. & F. 6. dasporad
ocus dambrostug/íaí?/i ocus daspregadh o cheile E. 7. balsamus E.
8. haloes E. 9. bmdh ? F. 10. duthaigh disle E. duthaigh fein F.

II. coisrica F. coisregthaE. 12. Elate E. 13. Partegal E. Burtigal F.

* Sur tuz les altres 1' unt otriet li Franc
Que Guenes moerget par merveillus ahan,
Quatre destriers funt amener avant ;
Pois, si li lient e les piez e les mains.
Li cheval sunt orgoillus e curant ;
Ouatre serjant le acoeillent devant

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 101

whether it was true or false that it was Ganalon who had gathered
the warriors to him,°' asmany said. And he forthwith ordered
two knights in arms and armour to be set to fight to make manifest
the truth, namely Pinapellus on bchalf of Ganelon, and Tedericus''
on behalf of Charles. And Pinapellus° fell at once. The treachery
of Ganelon being revealed in this manner, Charles ordered him to
be bound to the tails of four high-mettled steeds and he set a
rider on each steed of them, urging them apart towards the four
airts. And Ganelon's body being spht asunder, in this way he
died, as was his due.

After that they covered the bodies of those dead men
with various fragrant things, some with myrrh and some
with balsam and some with aloes, and numbers of those who
had no perfumes used to split the bodies of their friends
[openiiig] their breasts and stomachs and used to put salt
upon them. Others of them were buried in the place where
they were slain. And more of them carried the bodies of
their friends with them into France to bury them in their own
places. And there were two noble graveyards consecrated near
them there, one of them in the place which is called Arelatem**
and another graveyard in the place which is called Burdegal,'
which the emperor ordered to be consecrated at the hands of
seven bishops' who were in his company, and it was in these the
greater part of those who died there were buried.

And those who died on the summit of Mount Garsim, whom
no weapon ever touched, it was in these gravej^ards that they

* pugnatoses tradidisset. *• Tedericum C. Therrdicum Fr. " Pinabellus.
^Arles. ® Bordeaux. * The Latin text gives the names of the seven

bishops and of their sees.

Devers une ewe ki est en mi un camp.

Guenes est turnez a perdition grant.

Trestuit si nerf mult li sunt estendant,

E tuit li membre de sun cors derumpant

Sur r herbe verte en espant li clers sancs

Guenes est morz cume fel recreant

Ki tráist a altre neu est dreiz qu'il s'en vant.

Chanson de Roland.

102 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

ndeadlibhalrtúí/í da corpuibh. As a aithle sin do íhurail Serlus
corp Rolanduis d' imchar ar dhá mhúl cus an inad re n-abar Balueum
ocus do h-a.d\acadh co hanorach [uasal E.] he a n-eglflis Rowanw's,
do fhuhiir se fein do áenam roimhe sin, ocus an ar chuir ca.nznaighe
riagalda. Ocus do cuiríd a claidhiomh ac a chinn ocus a buaball
ebon ac' a chosaibli mar inncomurtha a ghaiscid ocus a
cArodhachta.

"A cind begain aimsiri na dhiaigh sin," ar Turpinus, "do
foilhighedh bas in righ .i. Serlus dam-sa, mar so. La da raba^
isin ca.thr aigh re n-abar Uienwa^ isin n-ec\ais a fiadhnuisi na
h-altoire co ndechadhas a tamh [ocus a taisi E.] ocus me ag
denumh nvnaighú ag rádh in tsailm-si Deus in adiutorium
meum intende, tadhbhas^ damh sluagh di-airmhe do ridiribh
ag dul torum cum cathrach Letarangia.^ Ocus ar n-imthecht doibh
uile do connac nech dibh a cosmaiHus íir ghuirm, ocus he ag lean-
m/íflmchaich arsiub/i«/mha]l,ocus adubhart ris'caslige ateighthe.'
'Téighmid,' ar sé co hAqis*' Granis d' innsaig/wí/A bhais Serluis
Impir, do bmth a spiride' cum ithfrinn.' Ocus adubhart-sa* ris
'Cuirim ort [ocus cenglrtm dít E.] a n-ainm Isu Crist mu thigh-
earna techt^ dom innsdLÍghidh ar cnchmighad do thurais duit.
Ocus ar ndenumh becain comnuidhi na dhiaigh sin, is ar eicin do
cnchnaighius in salm, in tan ad cownac iat ar n-impod ar in suidhead
cedna. Ocus adubhart ris in bhfer ndeighineach dhibh 'cred do
ghnoaigheabhair^o q shin' ? Do fhrcguir an diabal ocus adub/?aíVt
'Do chuir in Gaihnseach gan cenn" in mheid sin do clochaibh
ocus do mhaidibh a eglaís isin mheidh ihnus gur truime'^ maith
Serluis inait a uilcc ; gurab uime sin ruc a anam uainne.' Ocus

1. ThusF. Lis. has"os." E. I cannotmakeout. 2. robasaF. rabhaE.
3. uiuenna E. uicsenna F. 4. tabhas E. 5. letairngia F. & E. 6.
6. haicsis E. aicis F. 7. spirat E. anma F. 8. se Lis. 9. innto E.
inntogh F. 10. gnodheabairsi E. gnodabM>'si F. 11. cxnnedh E.

12. ThusE. &F. Ljs. has"truma."

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 103

were buried, fragrant stuffs having been rubbed upon their bodies.
After that Charles gave orders that Roland's body should be
carried on two mules to the place which is called Balveum* and
■it was honourably and nobly interred in the church of [St.]
Romanus, which he had himself before that ordered to be built
and where he had established canons regular. And his sword
was placed at his head and his ivory trumpet at his feet as a
mark of his heroism and valour."

"At the end of a short time after that," says Turpin, "the
death of the king, that is of Charles, was revealed to me in
this wise. On a day that I was in the city which is called
Vienna in the church before the altar, I fell into a trance
and swoon, even as I was praying [and] saying this psalm
Deus ín adjutorium meum intende. There was revealed to me
an innumerable body of knights going past me to the city of
Letarangia.*^ And when they had all gone by I saw one of them
in the likeness of a Moor,'' foUowing the rest at a slow walk, and
I said to him 'what way do you go.' 'We go,' said he 'to Aquis
granis* to the death of the Emperor Charles to bring his spirit
to hell.' And I said to him, 'I adjure thee and bind thee in
the name of Jesus Christ my Lord to come [back] to me when
you have finished your journey.' And having rested for a little
while aftcr that I had scarcely íinished the psalm when I
saw them returning in the same order. And I said to the last
man of them 'what have ye achieved^ [or done] since' ? The
devil answered and said 'The Galician without a head put so
many stones and sticks of his churches into the scale that Charles's
good weighed heavier than his evils, and so in this wise he took

* Blavium, i.e. Blaye. •> After this there íollows in the Latin a chapter and
a half giving the names of those buried at Blaye and at Arles. This is
omitted in the Irish. Then foUows chapter 31 of Fy., of the Council held at
St. Denis, in which Charles made that see independent, also chapter 31
in Castet's text upon the Seven Arts. Chapter 30 of Castet's text which
is chapter 31 of the Frankfort edition begins : "Hinc adunato episcoporum
et principum concilio in Basilica Sancti Dionysii, etc. "versus

Lotharingiam tendere, i.e. Lorraine. ^ Literally a "blue man" as the

Irish called the negro. ^ Aquisgranum. ' A story like this is told

of the Irish Crom dubh in the book of Lismore. O'Longan's copy, íol. 110.

8 quid egisti.

104 GABHÁLTAS SERLUIS MHÓIR.

ar ríídh na mbriathar sin do chuaidh in diabhrt/ ar neifní, ocus

do thuices-sa as na neithibh-si Serlus do dhul don tsaegha/ in

lá sin, ocus a bhrcith cum in fhlflzV/iemhnais nemhdha mar do

dhhgt'í/' tre edarghuighi San Sem, da ndcrna moran d'ecalsaibh.

Ocus in la do scarus-sa ris a Uiewna, do naiscius air, da bhfcdadh

techtairi do chur chugam d'innisin a bhais damh, damad tusca a

bhas^ ina mu bhas fcin. Ocus do naisc-sen oram-sa mar an cedna.

Ocus ar mbeith eslan do-san do cuimnigh ar a ghea.l\adh ocus do

aithin do ridiri do ba dalta dho,^ in uair do aitheonad hás 'na

ghaire, a ihoiUsiughad damh-sa," ar Turpinus. "Ocus a cinn .u. la

ndec deis a bhais fuarus a fhis o n-a thechtaire, gu roibhi ag a

gsdhngadh^ do shir on trath fa tainic as in Spainn cu la a bhais ;

ocus gu tabrfld ar anmain na droingi adubhramar, do thuit isin

chath, comhainm^ in lai in ar ínihngedar martra ar gradh Crisi

.1. in vi** callam dec do mhí lúil, da mhiU dhég ui«gi dh'aircet,

ocus in oiret cedna do thallrtwaib oir, ocus éadaighi ocus biadha

imdha do bhochtuibh, gacha hhadhna, re feadh a heihadh ; ocus

co n-uraikí//í in oiret cedna dh' aithf^eannflíT) ocus do shaltrí?chai6

do chantain ar a n-anmunnuibh ocus d' aíntibh do dhenam. Ocus

do innis^ fos gurab é in la in a bhfaca-sa' in taidhbhsi sin .i. in

u'"^ csdlann dec do mhi Fhebhra,^ in tan do b'aeis don Tighearna

ocht ced hiadhan ocus cetra hliadna dec,^ la in a ndechaidh sé

don tsSieghal so, ocus gur h-adhlacfld cu hanorach hé a Aquis"^

Granis, a n-eclais cruinn Mhuire do rinne sé fein."

[Ocus do cuala na comarthai so dfaicsin tri hliadhna re na bas,
oir tharla gur claochhiigheadh an grian ocus in re a ndath adhuat-
mhar re fed secht la ocus F.]'^ a ainm fein .i. Serlus prinnsa do
bhi scribhtha ar balla na h-ecailsi remhraitti, do chuaidh as uadha
fein, began re n-ec dho-san. Ocus in poirsi do bhi idir an ecXais
ocus an halla^^ righdha do thuit uadha^^ fein la a freasgabhala.

1. Sic. These three words not in E. 2. sic E. Lis. reads "he." 3. E. adds
"fein, suldecAadhd'ea^." 4. aga dalladh 'E. 5. a comhainm E.

6. Innsis F. 7. ana facadh F. 8. Eabhra E. 9. F. transposes,

4 bl. dh. ocus ocht ced. E. adds ocus is e siw la prici (?) verginis ocus ttíc few
a cailinntej' (?) 10. aicsis E. 11. E. reads much the same. 12. talla E.

13. buadha E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 105

his soul from us.' And having said those words the devil dis-
appeared* and I understood from these things that Charles had
departed from the world on that day, and had been brought to
the heavenly kingdom, as was his due, through the intercession
of Saint James for whom he built many churches.

"And the day I parted with him in Vienna, I bound him, if
he were able, to send me a messanger to tell me of his death if
it were to come sooner than my own death. And he bound me
in hke manner. And he being iU remembered his promise, and
he ordered a knight who was a fosterling" of his own that so soon
as he should recognise death to be near him, he was to reveal it
to me," says Turpin. "And at the end of fifteen days after his
death I obtained knowledge of this from his messenger — that he
had been constantly ailing from the time he came out of Spain
to the day of his death, and that, for the souls of those we have
spoken of who fell in the battle, on the anniversary of the day
in which they suffered martyrdom for the love of Christ, namely
the sixteenth kalends of the month of July, he used to give twelve
thousand ounces of silver and the same number of talents of gold,
and much clothing and food to the poor every year, during his
life ; and that he used bid chant as many masses and psalters''
for their souls, and perform fastings. And moreover he told me
that the day on which I saw that vision, namely the ISth''
kalends of the month of February in the age of the Lord eight
hundred and fourteen years was the day in which he departed
from this world, and that he was buried honourably in Aquis
granis" in the round church of Mary which he himself had built.
And I heard that these signs were seen three years before his
death. For it came to pass that the sun and the moon were
changed into a fearful colour for the space of seven days, and
his own name, moreover, "Prince Charles," which was written
on the wall of the aforesaid church, disappeared of itself a short
time before his death. And the porch which was between the
church and the royal hall,' it fell of itself on the day of his ascension

■Li'í. "went into nothingness." Latin "evanuit." ''cuidam militi

alumpno suo. « psalteria. <* quinto. « apud Aquisgranum,

i.e. Aix-la-chapelle. ' inter basilicam et regiam.

106 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Ocus in droichet crandghaili' do rinne maille saethar mor a
Maguncia^ ar in sruth re n-abar Uehjm^ .uii. mbhadhm. roime
sin, do loscrtd'' uadha fein gu h-ui\idhi.

La ele do Sherlus ac siubhal began aimsiri roim a bhas
ocus tarla doinenn ocus gairbhthen^ mor cu h-obunn ann,
co facas don righ lasair ag imthecht cu h-obunn^ o n-a \eiih
deis co a \eith cle, ocus ar nga\)hail cgla moire dhó do thuit
da ech cum talmhan. Ocus tancatar a compan«7"g'/í cuigi,
ocus do thocbhatar [o lar E.J hc. Gurab iat sin innchomartada
bais Sherluis ria n-ec dho. Ocus creidmit' anois co bhfhuil a
chuid do choroin na mairtiri^ remraitti aigi. Or as derhli hnd
gur fhuiluing a chuid da saethar [ocus do documal E.] Ma a.sedh
as in-tuicti ar an eisimlair so, in te clmmlidai ghius eacalsa co
n-uWmhu igheann íiaithiws De dho fein, or do sa.eTadh Serlus o
na dia.h\aibh ocus do suidhmí/ san ílaithimnus nemdha he tre
fhurtacht ocus tre impidhi^ na naemh da ndema se saethar ocus
ecalsa ocus anoir.'°

As oirces a chuimhniughad ann so in mhirbail aithrisdear
d'fhoillsiughí?í//í do Dhia ar son Ko\anduis,^^ an tan do bhi na
hethaidh re ndul isin Sbain do ; or in tan do bhi an t-iarla anorach
sin re re .vii. míss'^ a timchioll na cathrach re n-abar Gmnopuhs*^
aga ga.hhail maille sluaghuibh do-airwe Qristaighe, tainic techtairi
co tindisnach cuigi da innisin do gu roibi Serlus brathair a mháthav
a ca.is\en a ca.thraigh^^ a n-imeall na Germaine, ocus tnur righ na
thimchroll aga gabháí7 [ar éigm E.] air, .i. ri Uandalorum'^ ocus
ri Saxonum ocus ri Fnxonum gu n-a sloghuibh, ocus do aithin
[Searlus E.] de co deihireach '^ dul maille na shluagh co tinnisneach

I. Cranngail E. 2. ar magh Uncia F. awad uncia E. 3. uehin E.& F.
4. do loisgse E. \oisged F. 5. gairbhsin E. 6. F. omits last 12 words.
E. omits the last nine, and reads "gur fliuchadh ocus gur h3.iá\\edh" instead,
which seems to make no sense when followed by "o \eith des," etc.
7. creidim anois, ar Turpinus E. 8. mairterachE. mairtir — E. F. omits
"remraitti." 9. F. omits last three words. 10. F. omits these two words.

II. do Rolandus o Dhia E. 12. vcúAiadhan ! E. 1.3. granapuiUs F,
grana faiUis E. 14. sic E. "acaisUugaíiA a cathrach F. 15. badhol-

orum E. 5. deib — c F. áliáech E.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 107

[to heaven]. And the wooden bridge which he had built with
great labour in Maguncia* over the stream which is called Ueh^n"
seven years before that, it was utterly burned without external
cause.'"'

Another day as Charles was walking a little while before his
death, there suddenly arose bad weather and a great storm, and
there appeared to the king a blaze travelling rapidly from the
right hand to the left hand, and he being greatly terrified fell
off his horse to the ground.** And his companions came to him
and raised him up from the ground. So that those were signs
of Charles death before his [actual] decease. And we believe now
that he has his share of the crown of the above-mentioned martyrs.
For we are certain that he endured his own share of their labour
and hardship. It may be understood, then, from this example
that he who builds churches is preparing the heaven of God for
himself, for Charles was freed from the devils and was placed
in the heavenly kingdom through the succour and entreaty of the
saints for whom he had laboured and to whom he had given
churches and honour.*

'lt is fitting to remember here the miracle that it is related
God exhibited for Roland when he was alive before his going into
Spain ; for when that honoured earl had been for the period of
seven months [encamped] round the city which is called Granopuhs*
[trying] to take it with innumerable Christian hosts, messengers
hurriedly came'' to him telhng him that Charles, his mother's
brother,' was in a castle in a city on the borders of Germany with
three kings round about him trying to take it, the king of the
Vandals,^ and the king of the Saxons, and the king of the Frisians"
with their hosts, and he hastily^ bade him come quickly with his

*The various Latin texts read "apud mogontiam, mangontiam, magontiam,
moguntiam, í.e. Mentz. '^superíiuvium Reni. '^ Liíerally" ÍTomitselí." For
the construction of this Rhine bridge see the Chanson des Saisnes,clviii-clxvi.
•iin alteram partem de equo cecidit et aucona (arca Fr.) quam manu ferebat
in alteram. « Lit. for whom he made labour and churches and honour.
The Frankfort text of 1584 ends here. ' This chapter is an obvious

addition to Turpin as the opening words, "sed valde dignum est ut inter
cetera," show. ^ Gratianopolis. '' velox advenit paranimphus.

' avunculus ejus J Wandalorum. '^Frisonum. mandans et eíiiagitans

108 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

da fhurtacht ocus da shaerfld o lamhaibh na Seirrisdínexch. Do
gabh imshnimli Rolandus de sin, ocus do smuain' ga rogha do
bhcradh : An hi in cathair fa r' fulaing morán saet/z«z> ocus do
b'ail leis do chur f a chuing Cvist'^ do íhuicíeadh, ocus dul d'fhurtacht
Serluis, 110 an c a leicí^rtn a ngua.sacht do ghenad ocus cathwg/md
ris in cathair.^ Do b' e an fcr in-mholta in gach ein ceim^ ocus
lan do trocuiri, in te do bhi isin ceist sin idir in da comhairli sin.^
Ocus cluineam anois a ndearna. an fer anorac[h] sin .i. Rolandus.
Or do bhi tri la ocus tri hoidhche maille na shluagh, gan bhiadh
gan digh, ag denumh urnaighthi ocus ag gairm Dhe da furtacht ;
ocus aduhhairt "A Thighearna, a Ihesu^ Crist, a Mheic an athar
nemhdha, do roinn in muir ruadh ar dhó, ocus do threoraigh popul
Isr[ae]F trithe ocus do bhaidh Faraoth innti ocus tuc do pop/í/
fein trcsin fasach, ocus do t^'flscair moran do na cineadhaibh^ do
bhi na n-a.gaidh, ocus do marbh righa laidíVi .i. Seon ri Amorreorum
ocus Hoc^ ri Basan^'^ocus flaithis Candan co huihWM" ocus tuc a
tir mar oigrcacht dot ipohul fein do clainn Isr[ae]l ocus do
scris a cíí/oir namuir'*'^dobiatimc/77o//intsluaigh namat fo seacht,^^
maille gothaibh buabull ocus adharc, gan cha.thtighadh daena,
gan tshas'^ gan eaiadhuin ele, scris'^ a Thighearna neart na
cathrach-so ocus a dai«gne ocus a a harmdhacht^^ uili dod laim
chumachtaigh /ein, innus gu n-aithnighe an cined Padanda (nac
cuirenn a ndoigh innat tre na mbuirbe) do hheith ad Dia beo
ocus ad righ as cumhachtaighe don uiH righ ocus ad dhitniglitheoir
dona Cristaighihh ocus do hheith faris an athrt^ ocus in Spira/rt
naeimh a fhla///ámnus tre bithu sir." Ar ndenum na hurnaighthi-
si do Rolandus a cinn an trcas la do thuiteadar muir na cathrach
da gacA leith gan duini do buain riu ocus do ruagad ocus do ma.rhad
na Padanazg^. Ocus do impo Rolandus cona shluagh a cedoir

1. smuaintig F. 2. creidim F. 3. sic E. Lis. has cathrach.

4. Kair F. cas E. 5. F. omits last íive words. 6. a Isa E. Ysa F.
7. Isrl — Lis. Israhel F. Isrl E. 8. haicmeda F. haicmidhiiA E.

9. Ogh E. 10. Barsa E. 11. F. omits last nine words. 12. namai»- E.
13. techt F. 14. gan sas E. 15. mar sin a Thighearna scris a neart

na SeirristinQach ocus na cathrach etc, E. 16. harmamlacht E. & F.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 109

army to succour him, and free him from the hands of the Saracens.
Roland was filled with anxiety at that and he considered as to
what his choice should be — should it be the city for which he had
endured much labour and which he desired to place under the
yoke of Christ that he should leave and go to succour Charles, or
should he leave Charles in peril and war upon the citv. It was the
man praiseworthy^ in every single step [he took] and fuU of mercy,
who was in this phght'' between those two counsels. And let us
hcar now what that honourable man Roland did. For he was
for three days and three nights with his army without food, without
drink, praying and calhng upon God to succour him. And he
said, "O Lord, O Jesu Christ, O Son of the Heavenly Father, who
didst divide the Red Sea in two, and leddest the people of Israel
through it and didst drown Pharaoh in it and didst bring thine
own people through the wilderness and didst overtiirow many of
the nations who were against them, and who didst slay strong
kings, Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan, and
the kingdoms of Canaan wholly, and didst give their land as an
inheritance to thine own people the Children of Israel, and who
didst destroy at once the walls which were round about the
enemies host seven fold, with the voice of trumpets and horns,
without human fighting, without engine and without other science
[of war] — destroy, O Lord, the might of this city and its fortresses
and all its armament*^ with thine own powerful hand so that the
heathen nation (which through its íierceness'* putteth not its
trust in thee) may know that thou art a living God and the king
most powerful of all kings, and the protector of the Christians,
and that thou art along with the Father and the Holy Spirit in
heaven for eternity."

When Roland had made that prayer, at the end of the third
day, the walls of the city fell on every side® without any persons
touching them, and the Pagans were routed and slain. And

*0 virum per omnia laudabilem. ^ Lit. "question." "armaturam.

^ feritate. ^ But this miracle has been already recorded of Charles

110 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

d'furtacht Scrluis isin Almain, maille gairdeachus ocus re gloir
do Dhia ; ocus do shaer Serlus on guasacAí' a raibhi. Ocus is
o Dhia do ronadh so ocus as ingnadh he in ar suiUbh-nc. Ocus
a fhir leghas^ so iar[r]^ furtacht do Thurpinus tre trocure De.

Ocus is beg d'aimsir^ dar tis bais Serluis do bhi Turpiniis

airdesbac Remuis na righ, mairtirgflcA, na heihaídh, in tan fuair

bas a Uienna^ le teinnes a cnedh ocus do scis gach saethar da

bhfuair, ocus do h-adhlaiced he a focus don cathraig don \eith ele

do Rodanum, don taeibh thoir, a n-aroih eclrtíis. Ocus fuaradar

drong do cleirchibh na cathrach, isin aimsir deighinígA so, in corp

ro naemtha sin, a comra^ chloiche ro-mhaith, ocus heart esbaic

uimc, ocus a chnamha ocus a c/íroicenn imshlán co uil?rf/n.' Ocus

tucadar on eclais sin he cum cathrach ele, ocus do adhlaic^rf/i e

a teampo// anorach, mar fuil se [a comnuidhe F. & E.] ag a ghuighe

anois, ocus ata coroin mharthanach aigi ar nimh, do ghnóaigh se

maille saethar mor a tahnhain.^ Or as in-creitti in lucht do

fhulaing a martra isin Spainn ar son creidimh Crist curub dingbhala"

iat fa choroin^^ ar nimh. Ocus as in-tuicthi gin gu fuair Serlus

ocus Turpinus bas maille Rolandus ocus re hOluerus ocus maiJlf

moran ele do mhairtiribh a ngleann Runnsia,^^ gidheadh cena,

fuaradar coroin marthanach isin flflíV^emhnus nemhdha. Or do

íhuúngedar moran do chnedhaí^A ocus do hualadh ocus do shaetha r

ocus do theinneas. Or adubhairt an t-esb«/ 'mar fhuilngimit in

dochar is a.m\aidh do ghebhum in sochar/ et reliqua.

As inand Rolandus re radh ocus "Roth na hegna," or ruc
se buaidh on uih rí ocus pnnnsa a n-egna.

1. airc E. 2. Not in E. 0'Curry's transcript of Lis. reads "as íir leghar so."
O'Longan's copy reads "a íhir leghar." I alter r to s. 3. F. omits

last five words and makes nonsense. E. has after suilibh-ne "ocus ar
fuí-tacht do Twrpinus tre trocuire De," which also seems nonsense.

4. Thus E. & F. Lis. reads "as i sin dhaimsir," or "as is ind aimsir."

5. auiuenna F. 6. Lis. has cothra. 7. gan brisedh E. 8. do
gnodh— . . . . a flaíAamnus talmada F. 9. dingmala F. & E.

10. do coTonughadh F & E. 11. Remencia E. & F

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 111

Roland turned with his host at once to succour Charles in Germany,
with joy and with [giving of] glory to God, and he set Charles
free from the peril in which he was. And it is of God that this
was wrought, and it is wonderful in our eyes.

And O man who readest this ask succour for Turpin, through
the mercy of God.^

And it was short time after the death of Charles that Turpin,
Archbishop of Rheims-of-the-kings, [and] martyr, hved, for''
he died in Vienna through the sickness of his wounds and through
the weariness of all the labours he had endured,'^ and he was buried
near to the city on the other side of Rodanum, the east side, in
a certain church. And some of the clerics of the city in these later
times found that most holy body in a fine coííin'' of stone, with a
bishop's vestments round him and his bones and skin completely
sound. And they took him from this church to another city, and he
was buried in an honourable temple where he is ever prayed to
now, and he has a lasting crown in heaven which he won with great
labour on earth. For it must be beHeved that those who endured
their martyrdom in Spain for the rehgion of Christ are worthy
of a crown in heaven. And it may be understood that though
Charles and Turpin did not die with Roland and with Oliver and
many other martyrs in Runcia Valley, nevertheless the}' gained
an enduring crown in the heavenly kingdom. For they suffered
many wounds and much beating and labour and sickness. For
the apostle has said, 'As we endure the loss so shall we íind the
profit,' etc.

[The name] Roland is as much as to say "wheel of wisdom"^
for he surpassed every king and prince in wisdom.

■ The Frankíort text ended with the death of Charles. Castet's text ends
here. But what foUows is given by Castet as aji appendix, under the title of
" Calixtus papa de inventione beati Turpini episcopi et martyris." Castet's
text ends with the following lines of poetry : "Qui legis hoc carmen Turpino
posce juvamen, Ut pietate Dei subveniatur ei." ^ Lií. "when." '^ Lit.
" got." <isarcofago. ^ rotulus scientiae.

112 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

As inann Olví'rus ocus "Ridiri trocuireach," or do bhi se
trocaircch seoch an uih dhuine, ocus cennsa na comradh, ocus
búidh ana oibreachaibh.

Serhis imorro .i. "SoiUsi na Colla" or do clai se gach uih rí
talmaide' da tainic andiaigh Cvist ar deallrad ocus ar sxxh^Uaibh,'^
ar crodacht ocus ar ccna.

Turpinus, imorro, quasi "non turpinus"^ .i. "neamh-granna,"
or do b' imchian na drochb/znat/zra ocus na drochoibreacha uaidh.

As iat so na neiíhi tharla isin Sbain andiaigh bais Serluis, or
gach ní tarla [d'aithle a bháis E.] ni hingnad a chuimhne ag ar
menmain-[n]e air.'^ Or in tan do bhi talamh na Sbaini a comsanad
f«da tar eis bais Serluis, tainic, ar furaihm an diabflzV, gur eirigh
Seivnsdineach dar ainm Altamaior ri Cordubias,^ ocus adubhairt
talamh na Spainne vugad ar eicin o na dainibh tainic roimhe,
co vn.beUh se aigi fein, ocus co cuirféd fa dligid na Seivvisdíneach
he. Ocus do thinoil sluaighte mora cum scrisda na Sbaini, ccus
táinig cum cathrach San Sem ocus do mhill gach ní da bhfuair
innte, ocus do airg teagduis apstohcda San Sem co midingbala uma
leabhraibh [ocus] uma buird aircit ; ocus na cluic ocus na deisigh^
aifnnn fuair and, ruc leis iat. Ocus an uair do batur ar a.idhigheachf
a teampo// San Sem, do bhezVdis a bhfhual ocus a bhferadh ar an
altoíV n-apstah'cíía,^ ocus nir fhuihng Dia na neiihi so gan innech/fl«.
Or tainic o furtacht subhalíai De^ gur marbh íiux inneadh drong
dibh, ocus gur benadh a radharc as suilibh droingi eh, innus gu
rabhadur ar vneamghadh [ocus ar seachvíin E.] ar fut na cathrach.
Cid tra do ghabh an dailli ugdar an uilc .i. Altumaior, ocus tainicc
do chomhairh sacairt da raibhi isin tevnpoll innus gur guidh'° se

1. talmanda F. 2. subaltai F. subaltaigh E. 3. non tuirpis F.

nemhdochra nemhgranna E. 4. sic E. Lis. has mbimaiwne

and omits air, but O Longan notes that this word was written over, and
is wrong. 5. Cornubia E. & F. 6. Thus E. deis— F.

7. aiáiachi F. aghacht E. 8. aposdolica E. 9. subaltai Dia E. & F.

10. sic E. Lú. has"gunguighse."

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 113

"Oliver" is the same as "merciful knight,"" for he was merciful
l3eyond every one, and mild in his discourse, and gentle'' in his
works .

"Charles," moreover, that is "Light of the Flesh,"° for he
•overcame every earthly king'' of all who came after Christ for
splendour and virtues, for valour and for wisdom.

"Turpin," moreover, is as if "non Turpinus" that is "Not-
iiateful,"' or evil words and evil works were far away from him.

These are the events that happened in Spain after the death
•of Charles, for everything that happened after his death it is
no wonder that our mind should remember it. For when the
land of Spain [had enjoyed] a long rest after the dcath of Charles,
it happened, at the command of the devil, that there arose a
Saracen whose name was Altamaior, king of Cordubia, and he
said that he himself would have the land of Spain which had been
taken by violence from the people who came before him, and that
he would put it under the law of the Saracens. And he collected
!great armies to destroy Spain. And he came to the city of Saint
James, and destroyed in it everything that he found, and he
unworthily' plundered the apostohc foundation of St. James of
its books and silver tables; and the bells and vestments for
mass which he found there he brought away with him. And
when they were at entertainment in the temple of Saint James they
used to íilth ly defile the apostolic altar.^ And God did not suffer
these things [to go] without retribution. For it came to pass by
iihe help of the virtues of God that a íiux of the bowels slew some of
them, and the sight was taken from the eyes of others, so that they
were wandering and going astray throughout the city. Moreover
the bhndness took hold of the author of the evil, even Altumaior,
and he came, by the advice of one of the priests who was in the

•* heros misericordiae. •> clemens. ' lux carnis. '• omnes reges

carnales. ^ pulcherrimus, sive non Turpis. What follows here as part of

the Irish text is given by Castct as another appendix. ' Or perhaps

"unfittinglv." 8 excrimentis inquinaverunt.

114 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

Dia uili-chumachtach da fhurtacht, ocus adubhairt na briathra
so, 'A Dhia na Cristaighi, a Dhia San Sem, a Dhia Muire, a Dhia
PetatV, a Dhia Martain, a Dhia na n-uili Crislaighi, dá n-aisice'
dham in tslainti chedna, diultfad*'^ mu Dia fein .i. Macametus,
ocus ní thiceabh do dhenamh cicne co tempo// San Sem no go
tí an brath. O a Sin Sem mhoir, da tuga tú slainte dom medhan
ocus radarc dom shnilibh gach ní rucus od tegdais aiseocat he.

Cidh tra, ar n-aisiuc na neithi sin co dnblaigíhi do tempoU
San Sem, a cinn .u. la ndecc do h-aisiced a shlainti co himshlan
don 'Pada.nach .i. Altumaior, ocus do fhacaibh talamh San Sem^
ocus do geall nach ticfad cum eicne^ and o sin suas.

Ocus do innisedh^ mirbhuili De ocus San Sem ocus do
adhrad doibh.

Ocus tainic roimhe iarsin cus an mbaih re a raidhtear Ornír
mar a raibhi eclais uasal ag Beatws Romaníís* ocus do ba
deadhmhaisech an teghduis sin do^ hhra.ta.ihh ocus do leabraibh
ocus do cArosaibh aircit ar n-a n-ovad. Tainic Altumaior
d'innsaighidh na tegduisi sin, ocus do scris a hubair,^ ocus mc
leis ar eicin gach uili ní dha bhfhuair innti. Ocus ar mheith da
oighthi ar aidhigheacht^ do isin mbaile sin do chuaid taiseach a
shluagh isin eclais sin, ocus do connaic peleir ro ailli cloichi do
bhi mar fundament ag an eclais. Ocus do bhatar a n-uillma'°
ar na cumdach dh' ór ocus d' arcet. Ocus ar na faicsin [sin F. & E.]
do-san, do Hn" se do shainnt, ocus do urail geinnteach do chur fo
na peileruibh sin ocus a mbualadh le h-orduibh iaruinn. Ocus
an nech do bi aga mhualadh tainic d'furtacht De in uair do thshail
se an eglais do scris,^- co ndevna cloch don duine sin, ocus ata in
cloch soin o shoin a-le a bhfhigair duine isin eclais [cedna F.] sin,
ocus cosmuilius an datha do bhi in tan sin ar edach^^ in tSeirr^srin
uirri [anois E.]

Ar na fhaicsin sin d' Altumaior adubhairt re na muinntir
"As in-molta cu mor Dia na Cnstaighi aga bhfuik'(í a leitheide

1. danaisigir E. & F. 2. diultochad E. & F. 3. na Spaine E.

4. eigin E. 5. do niorad F. do innis se E. 6. eagla^s rouasal

RomanMis E. 7. o F. 8. baile E. & F. 9. a.\g\\echt E.

10. E. seems to read badar mnWaigh." Lis. has "anuill-a." 11. la.s Ei

12. E. adds "ocus do tuitim innus co nderna." 13. F. & E. omit "édach."

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 115

temple, and prayed to the omnipotent God to relieve him, and he
spake these words: "O God of the Christians, O God of St. James,
God of Mary, God of Peter, God of Martin, God of all Christians,
if thou restorest me to the same health [I had] I shall renegue
my own God even Mahomet, and I shall not come to do violence
to the temple of St. James for ever. O great Saint James if thou
grantest me health to my inwards and sight to my eyes, every-
thing which I carried away from thy house I shall restore it."

However on restoring those things double to St. James' Church,
at the end of íifteen days his health was restored whole to the
Pagan, even to Altumaior, and he left St. James' land and promised
that he would not come to do violence there from that out.

And the miracles of God and of St. James were told, and they
were worshiped.

And he went forward after that to the town which is called
Ornir where Beatus Romanus had a noble church, and that was
a fair foundation, for vestments, and books, and silver crosses
overlaid with gold. Altumaior came to that house and destroyed
its books and took away with him by violence everything that
he found in it. And when he had found entertainment for two
nights in that town the leader of his hosts went into that church
and beheld very beautiful piUars of stone that the church had as
a foundation. And their angles were covered with gold and silver.
And when he saw that, he was íiUed with covetousness, and he
ordered wedges to be set under those pillars and to strike them
with iron sledgehammers. And the man who was striking them,
it came to pass by God's help when he thought to destroy
the church, that that person became a stone, and that stone is
ever since in that same church in the simihtude of a man, and
the hke colour that was at that time on a Saracen's garments
is on it now.

When Altumaior saw that, he said to his people, "the God
of the Christians who has such servants^ is greatly to be praised.

^Lit. "fosterlings" or "disciples.

116 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

sut do dhaltuibh, gid do chuatar siat fein don tsa.cghal do niat
inávchaidh^ ar na dainibh do ni dith doibh isin tshaeghul. Or
ruc San Sem soillsi mo shul uiH uaim-si, ocus do rinne Romanus
cloch don duinc [do bi ag bualadh an geinntigh E ], gidhcdh chena
as ferr^ San Sem ina Romanus. Or do aisicc San Sem mo shuiU
dhamh-sa ocus do dhiult Romanus mhe fa am dhuine. Mas edh
facbham na cncha-sa." Ocus do imthigh co n-a shluaghaib as in
crich sin.^

Tairnicc in sdair sin ocus saihm gurub maith ata si.

CRIOCH.

4

1. innechadh E. &: F. 2. cennsa E. 3. E. & F. add maille haithnghi.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 117

although they have gone themselves from the world they [stiU]'
look closely to the people who do them damage in the world. For
St. James took ali the light of my eyes from me, and Romanus
turned the man who was striking the wedge into a stone. Howbeit
St. James is better than Romanus, for St. James gave me back
my eyes but Romanus refused me about my man ! Then, let us
leave these districts" ! And he departed with his hosts out of
that land.

This history is íinished and I think that it is a good one.*

FlNIS.

aThis is the colophon of the Lismore scribe only.

118 GABHALTAS SERLUIS MHOIR.

{F. and E. add the following passage).

Ocus ni roibi re haimsir f hada inadiaigh sin n^ch do lam urcoid do
denam do chrich Sin Sem. M.3s,eadh bith a fhis ac gach aen nduinc
cuivis, mi-cumsanad ar chch Sin Sem co fuidhi an ádctnnwghadh^ co
martaní/ch, ocus cid be coimiSí/fMs iat o comachtaib na Semsdin-
ach dc gehhaidh a luagh a fiathamnas nemdn. Oir do chuir lul
Sésair^ mar innistear annsa Spain tri cined//a .i. Meuronos"'' ocus
Scotos^ ocus Cornubianos do scris popail na Spaine o nar b'aiU
leo cis do tiáhicadh do, an uili? fher do cloidmidhearfh ocus an uili
ban do legin as, ocus an tan do badar na cinedha sin ac siubA«/
na mara ar rochtain a tir doib do hrisidar a longa ocus do loisgidur
ocus do marbadar a tarla doib on cathdix re n-abar Barrcmowa''
co Sesair^ Augustuí^, ocus o Ca/Aair Bagiona co sUab cce?' ocus
nir fhéííidar dul tairis sin, oir do tinoiUdfly Catilawe^ do cathughadh
riu ocus ruagadur ona cnchibh sin iad, ocus ag teiíheadh doib-sin
tangadur chum an sleibi^ ata idir Bagia^flm ocus Pampilonium
ocus Bagionam [a dul a ta.lamh Bisgaei ocus Alaime (?) E.] ocus
do suidhidar a foslongport annsin ocus do marbadar an uih tisLgharna.
ocus fer fuaradar annsin ocus rucadar a mna leo [doib fein E.],
ocus do geineadh clann atura ocus na mna sin re Ta.itear Nauaairi.'"
Ocus is inann Nauairi" re radh ocus ineros^'^ .i. ainfhirenrtc/í .i.
"non vera. pergencia" .i. clann maicne'^ fallsa ar techt o treib a.nn-
dihs.'"* Ocus ad . . . ar'^ fos Nauaros on catraig re n-abar Na-
dauer'^ (?) oir as uaiti tugad an t-ainm ar" tzís ona crichaibh ut
o tangadar ar tus, ocus is e Matha suibiscel ocus a aspuil do
impo le n-a senmoraibh iat do cum creidim o tus riam.

Gurub amlaidh do crichnaighedh oighedh na ridire ocus
imtechta ocus gabaltaí's Serluis Móir andsa Spain.

FiNiT. Amen.''

1. a dhainmughadh F. 2. lesair E. 3. E. seems to read Mem«ranos.

4. The first letter in E. does not seem an s. It may be " criotos."

5. Baremone E. 6. Cesar E. 7. aqe E. 8. E. seems to read Cas-
dilani. 9. na sleibhti E. 10. navarri E. 11 navarrus E.
12. now uera.m.. 13. From E. The word is not clear in F. 14. Thus
E. F. seems to read "ainwdius." 15. Perhaps "deirtear." 16. Thus
apparently E. F. indistinct. 17-17. From E. F. is hardly legible.

THE CONQUESTS OF CHARLEMAGNE. 119

And there was no one for a long time after that who ventured
to do injury to the country of Saint James. Then let every one
who disturbs Saint James's country know that he will get dam-
nation for ever, and whoever shall protect it from the powers of
the Saracens he will get his reward in the heavenly kingdom.
For Julius Caesar sent, as is related, three races into Spain,
namely Meuroni and Scoti (?) and Cornubiani* to destroy the
people of Spain, since they were not wilHng to give him tribute,
to put every man to the sword and to let every woman escape.
And when those races had voyaged over the sea, on coming to
land they broke their vessels and burnt them, and they slew all
who met them f rom the city which is called Barremona'' to Caesar
Augustus, and f rom the city of Bagiona'' to the mountain of Ce."*(?)
And they were not able to go across that for the Catilani* assembled
to fight with them and they routed them from those countiics. And
in their ílight they came to the mountain which isbetween Bagiaram
and Pampiloniimi and Bagionam.'going into the land of Biscay and
Alania,*(?) and they encamped there, and they slew every lord and
man that they found there, and carried off their women for them-
selves. And children were begotten between them and those
women, who are called Navarri. And Navarri is the same as to
say Iveri, that is untruthf ul, that is non vera pergencia,'* that is false
race coming from an unfaithful tribe. And Navarri is said more-
over to come from the city which is called Nadauer*(?) for it is
from it that the name was first givcn, froni those countries from
which they first came, and it was the Evangelist Mathew and his
apostles who converted them by their preaching to the Faith at
the very beginning.

So that this is how the fate of the knights and the exploits'
and conquests of Charles the Great in Spain were ended.

FlNIT. Amen.

* Nubianos Scotthoí et Cornubianos caudatos. ^ Barcinona. = Baiona.

«•Oque. «castellani. * inter Nageram et Pampiloniam et Baionam.

« Alavae. ^ progenie. ' Naddaver. 1 Lií. goings.

NOTES.

NOTES.

The King's Inns MS.

Thc vcllum MS. inarkcd tcii in thc Librarv of thc King's Inns, which
I did not discovcr in time to comparc with the tcxts oí the othcr íour MSS.,
is the only one which contains the epistle of 'furpin to Leoprandus. The
text diffcrs not only in the matter of possessing this letter but in so manv
othcr points from all the othcrs that I give hcre the íirst folio so far as it
is legible. The first eight íolios of this codcx are taken up with a fr.agment
of the cognate story oí Fortibras or Fierebras. On folio nine begius the
Turpin story with a nicely iUuminatcd letter in red and yellow, but the
colours arc now nearly worn away. Folio ten, which also contains part
oí our text is not a continuation of folio nine, sonie intermediate leaves
ha\ing becn lost. A misplaced scmi-loosc leaf aíter folio íifty-eight con-
tains more of the Turpin tcxt, the fight at Roncesvalles and the betrayal
of Ganelon, but much of it has been discoloured and is hard to read. This
version, likc that in thc Book of Lismore, is not divided into chapters. The
hand-writing is beautiful and clear and there are not so many contraclions
as in the Franciscan text and in Egerton. I have extended "•]" to "ocus"
as before.

lindscaí«tcr and so cibisdil Tuirpinusairdesbuigarnacurgu Leoprandus
da innisin chinnus do sacr Serlus Mor talaui na Sbainc ocus na Gailingsi o
nert na Sairrcsinech.

Beatha ocus slainti annso o Tuirpinus airdesbug Renius ocus com-
panuch Serluis Moir impir gu Leoprandus dcaganach Aquis Graiiis (?)
Oir da aitnebuir dim gu nua ocus me i n-otrus sa chatraigh re n-abar Uicnna
o gaeithibh cro gu sgribuinn cug[at-sa r*] mar do shaer an [t-]impir oirrderc
.i. Serlus Mor talum na Spainne ocus na Gailingisi o [?] nert [?] na Sairresinech.
Is uime siu do shannt[aigheas-sa ?] aird-gnimartha ingantacha ocus a co
. . . inmolta ar na Sairresinechajbh Spainnecha noc do [chonnac do

mo ?] suilibh íen ocus me re cethri . . . . g ac sibul na Spainne ocus
na [Gailingsi ?].... ana coiwedacht malle na . . . . ibh do
sgribadh ocus a cur dot innsaighidh .... esbaluibh, ocus do
descibluibh Crist . . . . b examla in dorauin a derar gurab annsa
. . . . do rinne csbul gloTnihar Crist i. San [Sem sen ?] moir ar tus.
Ocus as a haithle sin .... le h Iruath rugadar a deisc[iobail ?]
a chorp isin oidhche leo ocus do cuadar . . . . no gu
rangadur an Gailingsi aris ocus do . . . . ac senmoir inn[ti ?] da
. . . tarcaisnighedio' na Gailingsig . . . . a pecad.

[The next two and a-half lines are illegible. It wiU be seen from this
that the epistle is condensed and shortened to less than half the
lcngth of the Latiu. Ihe MS. continues as follows ]

doa rannuibexamlain domuinocusarcosaií/tmoraiw do thirthuib
mar ta Saxa ocus an F>'aingc ocus in Almain ocus in Baidhiuiw ocus
Lotaringia ocus an Burguin ocus an Edailc ocus in U(?) traine ocus gach
flaithes ocns gach cathaiv da raibe o muir gu muir ar na gabáil do maille
nert a laime dochlaeiti ocus ar na saerad a lamuib na Sairresinech ocus ar
na cur fa cuing cí-edme do gab in rceidi do tuirsi ocus do scis he innus gur
tnall cumsanad do denam ocus ga.n dul dochuw cathaighthi ni is mo.

Ocus acedoir deis.si ún ar fechui« adhaigh eigi« ar iw fir[m]am.eMt do
chonnuic slighi do rellannuib ac tinwscaint o muir Fnsia ocns ac dul edir
an Almaine ocus an Edaille ocus edtV an niBritaine mbic ocus ín Fhraingc
ocns ac dul co direc trid in nGascni>íi in Llarrdha ocus in Spain co ruigi in
nGailingsi mar a raibe Coí'p San Sem co folaighteac/í an tan soiw.

NOTES. 125

Ocus ar mbeth gach n-oidhche do Serlus ac fccuiu na sliged sin do gab
aga smuaintigíid cred da ba . . . . ? di ocus ar na smuaintigad sin
maille sduider frichnamach do taibrighed do adaig egin ar ndul a tamh
pe^'sa anorach do delb ro alaiwd ocus atbert ris a Mhic cred do . . . .
se do freguir Serlus ocus adubhairt cia thu a [thigh]earna. "Mise San Sem
airdesbul," ar se, "dalta Crist noch do ba dingm/iala le Dia ona grassaib
fen do cur do sewmoir dona ■pohlaibh ocus is mc do marb Iruath ri le cloi
[Next tvvo and a-half lines illegiblo. This hnishes the recto of
íolio nine].

an t-ingnudh lim nar saeruisi mu talumh ona Sairresineachaibh ocus a med
do ca//fri7chuib ocus do tirthuib da gabuis, ocus ar in adhbfl*- fhoiUsighim
duit mar do rinde Dia, ri is treissi ina gach ri talmmuidhe ele, dit, gurab
rnar sin rug do roghuin tu eáir an uile righ d'uUmughadh mu sligedh-sa
ocus do chosaint niu ta.lmhan o lam;iib Sairresinech innus co n-ullmaig/íedh
coroin mar luaghaidheac/ír marthanuigh da chinn duit.

Ocus in tshlighi rellunw do chonnTÚc tu isi« firmaiinint as edh foillsighis
co racha tusa maiUe shiagh mor do cathughadh risin cinedh paghanach ocus
da saerad mu sliged-sa ocus mu thalmu»? ocus d'fhis m'egailsi ocus mh'
athluicthi on inat so co ruig in nCaiIiwgsi ocus co mbcth an uile popul o
muir co muir ac dul dan oilithre ocus dfhaghail loghaidh a p^caidh o Dhia
at diaid-si dochui» in iniddh cednTi. ocus co mhethi ac innisin molta Dc ocus
a subaltadh ocus a mirbul o aimsir do bethadh-sa co deredh in tsaeghuil-si.

Ma sed gluais annois mar is luaithi fhodfas tu oir biad-sa gut fhurtacht
in gach en chas oois gnoidheochat coroin ar nim duit o Dhia do chind do
saethair, ocus biaid h ainm molta co ruigi in la ndedhenach." Ocus tadbas
in cor si« Sa« Scm ía tri do Sherlus.

Ar cluin.sin na mbriathur do Serlus ocus ar ngabail muinighne a gcWadh
in esbuil do tionoil sluaigh imda ocus do gluais úochum na Spaine da
ca.thuqhadh ris in cinedh SdiÍTTesinech.

Ar rochtaiw da Serlus sa Spain isi ced cathuir do timrhill do gabail,
Paimpilonia, ocus do bi ina timchill re tri mi, ocus nir íed a gabail, oir do
bi ar na daingnegad o muraib dofhogla ocus do rinne Serlus an tan sin cdur-
guighi ar Dia ocus a adubhairt "a Thighearna. a Isa Crist os ar son do c/z>-edmhe
tanug isi« (sic) tirthaib-si do cathughadh ris in rinedh micredmhec tabuir
in caMair-si dhamh a n-onoir hanma fein." Ocus adubhairt aris "a San
Sem," ar se, "ma as [end of first col., fol. 9 b\ fir gurab tu tadbas damh
tabair dam iii cathair-si do gabail" ocus ni cian da eis sin do brigh guigi
San Sem ocus tidluicthi Dé an tan da tuitedar a muir uile dochum talnihan.
Ocus na.Sairrcsinigh lerb'ail baisdedh do gabail da coiwedadh ina mbethaidh
iad ocus in med les iiar b'ail do cloighmedh iad.

Ar cluinsin na mirbal sin do berdis na Sairresinigh umla in gach inud
a teigidh (sic) ocus do cuirdis cis cuigi, ocus tugadar a cathracha. uile da comus,
indus co raibi in tir uile fa rliis do: oir da b'ingnad leis in i.incdh Sairresineach
in cinedh Frangcach d'faisciw d'iehus a neduigh ocus d'aille a ngnuisi, gurub
uime sin do gabadur clico co hanoruch sidchauta iad.

Ocus as a haithlo sin do cuaidh in ri ar cur a arm uadha d'fhis adluicthi
San Sem, ocus tainig as sin co I'etronam ocus da shaith a shled san fhairgi
ann sin, ocus do rindc buidechus ar Dhia ocus ar Shen Sem fa tabairt dochum
in inuid sin nar fhed do rochtain roime.

PECULIARITIES IN THE MSS.

Of the three texts which are complete, that of the Book of Lismore is
perhaps the oldest. The Franciscan MS. and Egerton more or less agree
in the forms thev use, which in many cases are diflerent from those of thc
I.ismorc MS., and occasionalIy appear more modem (?) Thus F. uses (I
think invariably) annsa for the isin oi Lis, a roibh for the araibhi of I.is,

124 NOTES.

aidhchi for aghaidh (i.e. adaigh). of Lis. deidigh, dordaigh. etc, for du eidigh
do ordaigh oí Lis., o hoin invariablv for o shoin of Lis., do fag for do fagaibh
oí Lis.

Anothcr peculiarity of F. is tfiat it gcnerally gives the longer fornis
of the names of rountries, as Almaine and Gascuine for Almain ancl Gascuin.

The scribe of each MS. seeins to have had a predilectiou for certain
■words. and we find F. and E invariably using conuig for the cusin of Lis.,
and inntogh for the impodh of Lis., and do inntogh or innto for thc do impo
of Lis. They seem never to vary in this. Where Lis. writcs gutgim, cret,
in nech, an neach, scoilt ar dho, San Seni. F. write': guidim, cad, ineach, aneach,
scoilt ar a dho, Sin Sem. F. has rachair-se for Lis. ragha-sa, and gcnerally
reads cloisdin or cluisdin where Lis. more usually has cluinsin and H. clos.
F. and H. always nse Paganta or Paghanta for Pagan, but Lis. generally
Padhanta. l.is. invariably writes "iarla dar aínm" for the darb of F.,
darab of E., darba oí H. A peculiarity of F. is its making one consonant
do for two, as areachtaine íor ar reachta-ne, inech for in nech, acechtar íor
ac cechtar It also uses y for i in ymaigh and ysa. AU the MSS usually
have the long e for the modern ea, but Lismore sometimes writes in íuU
beacan, teacht, each, gleann, lear, as do also the others. There are a few
traces of dialect. Thus E. sonietimes uses buaim buatbh for uaim, p. 40,
uaibh. p. 30, as in modern Scotch Gaelic. We íiiid in Lis. the dat.
anmunaibh for the nom. plur. anmanna, 12 n.9., and the phonetic
maimie for maidne. Deis is an early occurrence of this form for tar eis.
Teduis and tegnis are obviously spoken corruptions oí tegduis. An
interesting locution is the prefixing of a to chomh in such phrases as a
chom.h mor sin, etc. This idiom has given rise in Countv Roscommon and
other parts oí the west to the pronnnciation of chomh mor sin as acho mor
sin, with the accent on the first syllable of acho. The doubling of the letter
c, so conimon in the seventeenth ceutury, to indicate the sound of g has
alreadv begun, we find do thuicc,cuicce, tainicc. For meid ox meit F. reads
medi, ánd E. usually has meide or mede. This form is used also in the cognate
storv of Fierebras. The genitiveof Dmisoften Día wotDe. as also in Fierbras.
E. is fond of using the relative noch. Gan and cen are equally used in
all the MS. Lis. generally writes taebh. not taob. The plural of ni a thing
is written in full neithi, p. 56.

F., H. and E. read Cornubia for the Cordubia of Lis. We find both
forms in the Latin MSS. If as I have tried to prove, all the MSS. have
come from the same original translation, I can only imagine that some learned
scribe with the Latin original before him, in which the name was difterent
írom that in the text hc was about to copy, changed it, thinking that the
name in the original was a mistake. I abstain from examining the verbal
forms in our text, in view of the interesting and exhaustive study recently
made by Alf Sommeríelt of the verbal system in the Cath Catharda, in the
Revue Celtique (vol. xxxvi., pp. 24—62 and 295 — 334), as much of what he
there says is applicable to our text also.

TURPIN TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH.

The only English translation of the Pseudo-Turpin ever made, so far as I
know, is that of Thomas Rodd which he printed as a preface to his trans-
lation'of the "Floresta de varios Romances sacados de las historias antiguas
de los Pares de Francia." Rodd's book appears to be rare, for I could dis-
cover no copy of it in Trinity College Library. In my copy printed in 1812
Rodd says that he trauslated from the Latin in "Spanheims Lives of
Ecclesiastical writers." But no such work is to be found in Spanheims,
collected works pnblished in 1701 (the year of his death) at Leyden under

NOTES. 125

the title "Frederici Spanhemii F. opera omnia in tres tomos divisa," con-
tainiug 800, 7S0, and ()7o close quarto columns oí Latiii, nor is any meution
made of such a book in the hst of worlts ascribed to him in the Nouvellc
Biographie Gónérale, which gives an account of him, his father and his brother,
all nien oí letters.

If Spaiiheim wrote a book "Lives of Ecclesiastical Writcrs," it must
have been pubUshed separately and not included amongst his other works.
lí Rodd has translated literally, the text he worked from is ditlerent from
the Fraidifort text and that of Castets. Rodd's version was afterwards
reprinted without comment by Henry Morley in 1884 in a volume entitled
Mediaeval Tales.

Charlemagne.

I TAKE the following account of Charlemagne from an unpubiished text,
"Sdair na Lumbardach," in the Book of Lismore, which I had prepared
for pwblication here, but which the Conmiittee thought would make this
valume too long if included. Or adeir Torpinus espug ru raibhi Karulus
Mor sochraidh do corp ocus bruidemhail íiadhanta do siUedh. Or do batar
ocht troighthi ar airdi 'na chorp ocus se hordlaiglii dec a bhfad a troigid,
ocus rcsi co leith 'na fhesoic, ocus resi 'na aghaidh gacha leithi, do .sroin
co finnfadh a fhesoigi, ocus troigh o bun a shrona co finnfadh a edaiu.

Do scoiltífld ridiri co n-a ech o mhuUach a cheind-beirti cu lar d' aen
bnilli claidhimh. Do shineadh se .iiii. crua a n-aeinfhecht cur bhaat slata
dirghe o neart a lamh. Do thocbhudh ridiri armtha eidighthi 'na shesamh
amhlaiJh ocus do chuirert;//! timceall a cinn he, ocus do leicedh ar lar co
socair aris he. Mil muighe ocus da circ no gegh ocus da chirc a proinn a
n-aeinfoct, ocus bccau íina ar cur nisci trit, ocus is bec do ihheadh, or ni
ihheadh acht tri deocha ar a shuiper. Do chumhduigh ecaisa imda ar grad
De. Do urail a or ocus a uili innmusa do thabhairt 'na thimceall a n-aen
alla, cor bha comhard ris fein iat, ocus ar ndearbhad a neirt ocus a íhear-
dhachta dho dorindioighre do Dhia ar gach ni da roibhi aigi, ocus do chuaidh
fein a moghsaine do Dia. Bliadhain in Tighearna in tan sin cuic bl. dec
ocus ocht ced.

i.e. For the bishop Torpinus says that Charles the Great was pleasing
of bodv and /ierce and wild in his look. And his body was eight feet in
hcight, and sixteen inches was the length of his foot, and a span and a half
in his beard, and a span in his face, in each half of it, from his nose to the
hair of his beard, and a foot from the bottom of his nose to the hair of his
face.

He used to split a knight with his steed from the top of his headpiece
to his middle with one sword stroke. He used to stretch four horse shoes
together so that they becamc straight rods with the strength of his hands.
He used to lift a knight in arms and armour, standing so, and used to put
him round his head aud let him down gently again. A h.are and two fowl
or a goose and two fowl together was his dinner, aud a little wine with water
through it. And it is little he uscd to drink, for he used only to take three
liraughts at his supper. He built many churches for the love of God. He
ordered his gold and all his treasures to be brought round him into one hall,
so that they were [piled] as high as himself, and having proved his strength
and manly vigour he made God heir to all that he possessed ; and he himself
went into God's service. The ycar of our I.or<i at that time was eight
hundred and fiftcen years."

That the exaggerated accounts of Charlemagne's personal appearance
are still not wholl}^ impossible is shown by the following extract which I
clipped out oí the "Daily Mail" of Septcniber 22nd, 1916, concerning one

126 NOTES.

Fiedericlí Hcmpstor, born in Bayswater, Londoii, who was then t\\euty-oiie
years old and 8 ít. 2 ins. high.

"His weight is twenty-seven stone. A pcnny wiU pass through his
signet ring. In boots he takes size 22 J. 'l hrce ordinary beds have to be
placed side by sidc for hini to sleep in. On the railwa}' he travels in the
guard's van, and by road in a spccial carriage or niotor car. He can spau
two octaves oii a piano and light a cigarette comfortably at a street lamp."

the english roland.

A CHRTAiN amount of thc Pseudo-Turpin was translated iiito carly English
also, in the form of a metrical romance. It does not appcar to liave beeri
popular, for EUis who published an account of the pocm, which is entitled
Roland and Ferragus iu his Early Euglish Metrical Romances, Vol. II.,
p. 291, knew of onlv oiie version, that in the Auchinleclc MS., oí which Scott
made him a copy. It begins with the wildly absurd statement that

An hundred winters it was and three
Sithen God died upon the tree

That Charles the king.
Had all France iu his hand
Denmark and Eugland

\Mthouten any lesing
I.orraine aiid Lombardy
Gascogne Bayojiiie aiid Picardie

Was till his bidding.
And emperor he was of Rome
And Lord of all Christendom

Theii was he a high lording.

After .=íome extraneous matter not borrowed from lurpin the poet
comes back to that narrative and takes pains to give the names of sixty-six
cities which Charlemagne conquered iu Spain, but his transcriber, EUis
remarks, has taken equal pains ro reiider them utterlj' unintelligible.

Mahoniet's image is thus described : —

And au image of great pousté
Stood on a roche by the sea

In the gilden londe
His name was Salanicodas
As a man y-shapeu he was

And held a glaive iii hond.
Mahoun maked him with gin
And did inanj- fiends therein

As ich undcrstond
For to sustain the image
And set him on high stagc

For no man n' old he wond.

Ferragus is thus described : —

He had tweiity mens strength
And forty feet of length

Thillce Paynim had
And four feet in the face
Y-meten on the place

And fifteen in brede.
His nose was a foot and more, etc.

NOTES. 127

When Roland pierces the giant through thc navcl the wounded man
cried aloiid to his God Mahomet. But

Roland lough for that cry
And "Mahoun sikprly

No may heJp thee nought.
No Jupiter no Apolin
No is worth the brust of a swiri

In heart no in thought."

The poeni ends with the death of Ferragus, and theu begins the Romance
of Sir Otuel, dovetailed into it as in the Welsh version.

ORIGIN OF TURPIN'S HiSTORV.

Casimir Oudin, the distinguished Freiich scholar, 1638-1717, wrote as follows
(de Scriptoribus Ecclesiasticis antiquis, Vol. II., p. 68).

Auctor hujus operis non Turpinus sed Callixtus II. Papa, qui tribus
post mortem Caroli Magni saeculis, illam fabulam confinxit, non ut Carohmi
Magnum, sed ut saiictuni lacobum Apostohim et ecclesiam Compostellanam,
quam ardenter amabat, illustriores his fabulis faceret : unde nil miruiu
quod in MS. Cantabrigiensi S. Benedicti Callistus II. hanc fabulam a se
confictam, dicat opus auiheníicum, primusque omnium illius mentiouem
íaciat.

This may not be true — and Oudin was no frieiid of the papacy — but
the book seems to have been approved of iii 1122 by Calixtus II., and tbis
helped its popuIarity. If however the letter of Callixtus recomniending
the book to the faithful as authentic be also spurious then the íirst lueiitiou
of it goes back to 1165.

Warton thinks the book was forged about 1110 with the design of helpiug
forward the Crusades.

ROLAND OR ORLANDO.

On I,ady Day in August in the year 778 the rearguard oí Charlemagne's
army was cut ott in the valley oí Roncevaux or Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees.
It was overwhelmed by the local tribes, probably the anccstors of the present
Basques, and perished almost to a man. 'Tn this battle," says Eginhard,
who chronicled the life of Charlemagne, "Roland, warderi oí the Marches
of Brittany, with mauy others was slain." This is the kernel of historic
truth that lies bchind the Roland story. In later times, as in the case of
Kiiig Arthur of W^elsh Romance or Finn Mac Cumhail of Irish story, a Roland
myth arose which dominated all the literaturo of the Charlemagne period.
Roland became the leading figure in the Chansons de Geste, the golden age
of which extends from the middle of the eleventh to the middle of the
thirteenth century. The Chansoii de Roland is itself the íirst and the finest
of these efforts "la plus antique la plus célébre la plus belle de toutes
les chansons de geste." The Jongleur Taillefer who went before Norman
WiUiam at the Battle of Hastings and who "moult bien chantout" was
"singing about Charlemagne and Roland and Olivier aud the vassals who
died at Roncesvalles." The song of Roland is the Iliad of France. It is
founded partly upou our Turpin story and partly upon older chansons.
Earlier poems probably existed from which the Pseudo-Turpin derived part
of his chronicle. This is generally conceded, the only matter in dispute
being as to what form these early poems had takeii, were thev epic like the
"Roland" or were they only lyric ?

128 NOTES.

ROLAND IN SPAIN.

Roi.and's .steed is mentionod in the vvell known Spanisli ballad of riayferos
for which sce Don Qui.xote, chap. 9, book ii. His lover, Melisenda, sceing
hiin siirmnndcd by the Moors exclaims :

Si qnisicsse Dios del cielo

Y santa Alaria sii madrc
Fiiesse tal vucstro caballo

Como el de Don Roldan.

Don Roldan is tbc Spanish name for lioland in the popular ballads, and
there exists a well known "Romance" of that name. I?eadors ot Don Quixote
wiU remember how while the l<night and Saucho arc coiiversing together
in the streets of 'ioboso a peasant chances to pass by singing the ballad
of Roncesvalles, at which the knight exclaims, "Let me die Sancho if any-
thing hicky will befall us to-night, don't yon hear what that peasant is
siuging" ? "

Ganelon.

Ganelon is called Guenes in the Chanson dc Rolaad, which pocm is really
a tnlogy founded on thc treacherv of Gucnes. Part one tells of that treachery,
part two of the death of Roland, and part three of the punishment of the
traitors. Gucnes is knowri in the Spanish ballads as "el falso Cíalalon.
He is also íound as Galaron. /Xntonio Reuter quoted by Rodd in his preface
to the "Floresta de varios romances" says that the chronicles of Spain and
France assert "que el conde Galaron dio ocasion a la esta perdida de los
Francescs [in Roncesvalles] cansando que el Emperador se detuviesse y no
pndiesse socorrer a los suyos." In the Irish Fortibras story Stokes once
translates Geinntilion of the Iri.sh text by Ganelon, and in the Welsh version
of our text hc is Gwenwlyd.

FERACUTUS.

Ei.Lis in his specimens of Ancient Metrical Romances has the following
amusing passage on F'cracutus, "Possiblv, too, the terrible Ferragus may
be a giant oí Celtic origin, for Selden has told us (Dra^'ton's PoIyoIbion,
song 6) that the war song in use among the Irish kern« was calied Pharroh ;
and the vnlgar Irish, as Mr. Walker informs us, suppoí:e tbe subject of this
song to have becn Forroch or Ferriti^h, a terrible giant, of vvhom they tell
many a niarvcllous tale" !

For the fancy about Pharaoh see Reating's preface to his Forus Feasa.

GLOSSARV.

Page
abhdhainecht abbacv abbotship 74
adlaicti gen of adlacadh a tonib 6
aenda one-jold, aendacht one-

ness 54, 56

[ar]aeinshlighidh togsther .... 50
agra claim, argument against .... 34
aithech=athach, fathach giant
aihdhineacht 12, see abhdhaineclit
airnihech renowned .... 6, 72, 76
[It can not be the samc word

as airmitnech or oirmitnech .

aireamh is used íor "fame"

in my edition of Giolla an

FhÍLigha, page 6.]
airneis equipmcnt, i.e. harness 14

[bajailgiusach le S. S was desirous 32
aidhbhseach handsome, strihing 72
[a n-]airtecal bais in ariiculo m.ortis ?4
aintibh, dat. plur. of aine a fast 104
aidhigheacht hospitalitv, enter-

tainment. aidchideacht id 44

ainmhfesach ignorant .... ... 56

alad a wound

arrait error 34, ariud aruid id.

arus appcirentlv vtsed for camp.... 38

as, — do chuaidh as he disappeared
ascada ^///5 .... ... ... 76

ataigh requcst .... ... .... 72

bannlam a cubit

baramhail (followed bv a gen.),

similitude of .... "... 46, 96

basgaire clapping of hands in grief 98
biacíhtachas, the liability to fced

one's overlord .... .... 28

biathmaid we feed .... .... 40

braithtigi, Gen. Fem. of braithtech

deceitful
breathnnigh judge consider .... 68
na brondtuibh in his presents 72

breith :— ata ar hrc ith do it is

attainahle by hiin
búidh mild clement, translatedby

"clemens" .. . .... .... 112

camra a sewer .... .... .... 24

cennuis used as an adj., mild .... 50

ceimnigh proceed .... .... 4

Page

cend : — ana cend sin in addition

to that 28

cin : — lciceadar a ciii da n-armuibh 6
claiteoir a victor . .. 14, 48

clodh defeating . . .... .... 46

cothughadh to support 70, to

rally or make head or main-

tain one's groiivd

Apparentlv a niilitarv tcrm,
see An Cath Cathardha
1.5720.
corugh (with long 0) a choir 92

cora id.
coirthi tired. weary
comainm in lai the anniversary

of the day . ..

colb club

crois the cross-hilt of a swotd ....
(co) cudrama, equally
crandghaili ; droichet cr. a

bridge of timber
cuil a corner .. . .... . ..

cumdaigh build (churcfies. etc )

64

94
7**

80
84
56

40
12

daingnighim, / asseverate. confirm 38
Dce, a god, Nom. and Dat. isin

dec, on dee .. ... 10, etc.

deisigh eijuip 28, prepare, array 46
deirridius, a secret .... .... 70

deghbhalaidh (a noun in the gen.)

scented, perfumed .... .... 100

deachta ... 112

áQx\-?i\XdL,proven .... .... 64

diablaideacht, devilry , deviltrv 10

dithigh, damage, hurt, inflict loss 44
diniti, digvitv .... .... .. 70

dingbhala, suitablc, fitting, worthy

90, 110
(gu) dimhaineach, vainlv ? .... 90

ditnightheoir, a protector .... 96

diairmhe, innumerabi'e, 102,

doairme id 12, 106

dlig : ni dligeann an lucht, the

people ought not .... .. . 36

do leith a ndroma, in the rear 78

doimhesda re, incomparable with 84
dorncla, thc hilt of a swori .... 84

dothuarascbhala, indescribable 94

11.

Glossarv.

dofhilltt', translation oj "in-

flexibilis"
vloirt, in a >HÍlitary sense, see p.
ilothamaisc, inscrutable ?
doíaisneisi, indescribable
drithlincacli, sparhling (oj eyes)

Page.

ÍUi
98
48
G4
72

eathach— athach, fathach, a giant 48

eboire, ivory

edh : re hedh na hoighthi,

throitghout the night .. .
eigrcacht=oighreacht, heirship

eighe, eigmhe, cnes

80

98
28
44

eiciu, used in the senseof'some,"
ced eicin, "sonie hundred or so"

eicne gen. of ccin, violence

esbartaiii : ar tect don esbartain,
on the cowing of evening 20, 52

esbaidh, failure, giving way
through fatigue .... .... 74

etne, the kernel of a nut

82
114

55

faris, along with hini, f . an athar,

along wiíh the father ....
íarit, aloHg with ihee
faisitneach gen of faisitin, con-

fcssion
íedh, a fathom ....
ferdhnirn, a nian's fist (in length)
(gur) fhoilghitar, so that they

covered
(cu) foluigtheach, secretly, covertly
foniaigthech, obedient ...
(do) fholchatar iat fein, they

concealed themselves . .
fodhuin=foghain, to be of use.. .

foghnas
íreasgabhail, asccnsion, i.e. death

fresdal um chath, give battle to
frichnamhach, diligent (in the

sense of liberal)
furtachtaigh, a helper ....

108
92

92

50
50

32
4

7(i

80
52
42
104
32

40
4

88
104

114, 116

nr

gaire, proximity

[ag a] gallughadh, sn/7mwo'/mw
sichness

geinntcach, gen. geinntigh, a
7t'edge ...

geissanaii or gesachtach
geiseacht, a peacoch, i.e. the
screecher ... .... .... 72

gnaithigh, make free with, use .. 84

gnoaigh, to be busied on, to do.... 102

guoaighfet- sa, also gnoideochad-sa,
I shallguin, ivin (still contmonlv
used in this sense in Connacht) 4

Page.
gorm : fer gorm, a Moor, a negro
grainne, a grain .... .... 58

g^aaine, disgusl, horror .... 64

ingnad

iarmhoracht, pursuit, 82 ; search,

inquiry
imlcgan imlecan inilican, navel,

imlinn id.

do rindi ingnad dhc,

he wondered at it

(ta) ingaiitas acu dhe, id

inn, end, extremity, inn a inheoir
innechlan, requital
inncomurtha, a mark .. .
intuctha dh'airc, observable

intuglha dh'aidh, td

irse, (gen.) of faith or religion
lubhul, a Jew ....

leath : do lcathadar fon coill,
they dispersed through the wood

leuc, a league, (tri mile) tri leuic,
three leagues ....

leith : do leith a ndroma, see
druim

leithe, breadth ....

ma=um, concerning, about
niacani an oglaigh a young warrior
(isin) inheidh, in the balance ....
midingbhala, unwcrthy
mil iiiuighe, a hare
misideir, emissary, herald
sound, murmur

id

mu cha, the earlv part of the

w orning ... ... 78

(o) mulluch gu lar, from top to

bottom (of a stonc)
(ar a) luhuin, on top of him

(not "on his back") ....
(do) mhr.in gnimha, as a result

of action or deed
inuirireach, bttrdensome
mul, a mitle .... . .

nait=na or ioiia, tltan (before a

plurul)
naisc, tie, with air — impose or

bind on . ..

nea?«mbuidh, not mild, fierce .. .
ncifni, nothÍ7igness
neamhasaigh for neamharsaigh

young ....

oglachas, service
ontis, ontist ? n. 9

1(«0

52

58

50

98

112

102

40

80

8

86

32

78
72

48

? 4

102

112

72

22

64

30

, 98

86

94

98

74

102

66

104
66
56

72

66
80

Glossarv.

111.

Page.

(ar) n-oradh, gilt .... .... 114

oifíeda, gen. of oidhe, a fate

death, oij^hidh id .... 88

piseogach, adi., wizard, spelllihe 18

(do) raith, for grace (spoken of

ihe soul) .... .... .. . 14

raithainhail, graceful [spoher. of

wonien) .... .. .... 76

reilg, a church (obvtouslv not a

churchyard ifi this place) ... 12
reise, a span ... .... .... l'l

réd, a thing . . .... .... 60

rightheach, arnis, the reach or

length of one's arms ... ... 72

saethraigin;, / labour over, find

difficiilt .... .... .... 58

saipel, sepel, seipel, chapel ... 48
sa;}, an engine (for attaching
tuwns, etc), 8, 24, a contrivance, 64
phtr. sais.
saidhbrigh, enrich . . .... 28

saidh pnbuH, pitch a tent .... 86

scis, weariness, 110, scis an chatha
battle weariness .... . . 84

scoraidi, a table cloth .... . . 4i»

scot, tail (of a horse) .... .... 100

sdet, a steed ... . . .... 100

sileas, silence . .. .... .... 20

sill, see, look .... .... .... 92

siUeadh, looking at, regarding .... 46

slat esbaic, a bishop's jvand or
croziev .... ... .... 68

slighedh ■ cur ar acin-shlighidh,
to assemble (not "send for-
word" as it is translated in
Fierebras) .... ... .... 6

Page.

ar aoin-shJighidh, together, 60 bis.

socraide, pleasant, sniiling [of faces) 5

spreiclh, gen. spreidhi, hooty ....

subalta, avirtue. I have extended
thc plur. once as subalce as in
\e P.reac, subaltai would have
been better .... .... 4, etc.

suaichentas, ./;;. (PMsz^íí .... .... 66

tagh, togh, choose

aighthe tacair,

masks.

4, 34

tacar :

"larvae" . .. .... .... 64

tathair, disgrace ... 36, 60

do tliadhbhaisedh doibh, it ap-

peared to them
teagduis, a foundation, a house,

also teduis and teguis 112, etc.

tecniad, aliter teigemadh a

lanihaibh from tengmaigh, fall

into the hands of .... ...86, 88

tesdadh, dying .... .... 14

teit for tuit .... .... .... 36

therna se, he escaped ... .... 62

tindmes ? ... .... ... 86

tinnisnaigh, hasten ? . .. .... 94

(co) tindisnach, hastily .... 106

tor, a tower .... .... .... 62

toicthi, fortune .... .... .... 96

to^ach, a battle front or division 42
trumpoir, a trumpeter, also stocaire 94
trithach, threefold .... . .. 56

ubhull, thepommel of a sivord hilt 84
ucht : tucadar ucht ar a chéile,

they fuced one another
uillena, angles (of a pillar) .... 114

IRISH TEXTS SOCIETY.

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IRISH TEXTS SOCIETV.

The Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Irish Texts Society was
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NlNETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council regrets that Dr. Douglas Hyde's Volume, "The
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FlNANCIAL STATEMENT, 1917.

THE SOCIETY'S ORDINARV PUBLICATIONS.

Receipts.

DlSBURSEMENTS.

£

s.

d.

£

s.

d.

To Subscriptions, Ordinary 128

8

By

Balance from previous

Life .... 5

Account 266

3

10

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15

,,

Editing 20

,, Interest on Invest-

»»

Postage & Stationery 3

8

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G

3

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12

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David Nutt, Publisher, n
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Less previously 1 '
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"Simpkin Marshall's " a/c 13

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2

Total £488

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THE SOCIETY'S IRISH-ENGLISH DICTIONARIES.

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To Receipts alread^-

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,, Sales (net)

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...3549
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4
9

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11
2

DlSBURSEMENTS.

/

By Payments previously

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„ Printing and Binding 95
,, Salarv and Sundries.... 20
„ Balance 996

s.

6

7

4

16

d.

2

1
10

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;Í3675

14

1

Total .... £3675

14

1

THE SOCIETY'S JOINT CAPITAL ACCOUNT.

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option not more than two members, who shall retire annually.

5. — AU propert}' of the Societv shall be vested in the Executive Council,
and shall be disposed of as thev shall direct by a two-thirds majoritv.

6. — Three Membcrs of the Executive Council shall retire each year by
rotation at the Annual General Meeting, but shall be eligible for re-election,
the Members to retire being selected according to senioritv ot election, or,
ia case of equality, by lot. The Council shall have power to co-opt Members
to fill up casual vacancies occurring throughout the year. Any Member
of Council who is absent from live consecutive Ordinary Meetings of the
Council to which he (or she) has been duly summoned, shall be considered
as having vacated his (or her) place ón the Council.

CONSULT.'VTIVE CoMMITTEE.

7. — The Consultative Committee, or individual Members thereot, shall
give advice, when consulted by the Executive Council, on questions relating
to the Publications of the Society, but shall not be responsible for the manage-
ment of the business of the Societv.

^Members.

8. — Members may be elected either at the Annual General Meeting, or
Irom time to time, by the Executive Council.

hUBSCRlPTION.

9. — The Subscription for each Member of the Society shall be 7/tí pcr
annum (American subscribers, two dollars), entithng the Member to one
copy (post íree) of the volume pubhshed by the Society for the year,
and giving the right to vote on all questions submitted to the General
Meetings of the Society. The paymcnt of a single sum of /5 (Colonial
or íoreign members /5 5s. Od., American members 27 dollars) entitles to
life membership. Liíe members will receive one copy of each volume issued
subsequently to the receipt of this sum by the Society.

10. — Subscriptions shall be payable in advance on the Ist January in each
year.

11. — Members whose Subscriptions íor the year have not been paid are
not entitled to any volume published by the Society for that year, and any
Member whose Subscription for the current year remains unpaid, and who
receives and retains any publication for the year, shall be held liable for
the payment of the full published price of such publication.

12. — The PubUcations of the Society shall not be sold to persons other
than Members, except at an advanced price.

13. — Members whose Subscriptions for the current year have been paid
shall alone have the right of voting at the Annual General Meeting of the
Society.

14. — Members v.isliing to resign mu.st give notice in writing to the
Honorary Secretary, before the end of the year, of their intention to do
so : otherwise they will be liable íor their Subscriptions for the ensuing
year.

Editorial Fund.

15. — A fund shall be opened for the remuneration ot Editors íor their
work in preparing Texts for publication. All subscriptions and donations
to this fund shall be purely vo1untary. and shall not be applicable to other
purposes of the Societ}'.

Annual General Meeting.

16. — A General ^Meeting shall be held each year in the month of January,
or as soon after as the Executive Council shall determine, when the
Council shall submit their Report and the Accounts of the Society for the
preceding year, and when vacant seats on the Council shall be íilled up,
and the ordinary business of a General Meeting transacted.

AUDIT.

17. — The Accounts of the Societv shall be audited each year by auditors
appointed at the preceding Generai Meeting.

Changes in these Rules.

18. — VVith the notice summoning the General Meeting, the Executive
Council shall give notice of any change proposed by them in these Rules.
Ordinary Members proposing any change in the Rules must give notice
thereof in writing to the Honorary Secretary seven clear days bsfore the
date of the .\nnual General Meetins

8

LlST OF MEMBERS.

(N.B. — Members are earnestly requested to send Notice of anv Change of
Address to the Hon. Sec, 20 Hanover Square, London, W. 1, to avoid mis-
postage of Boolcs and Notices).

NAMES.
Hull, Miss Eleanor

0'Kinealy, Mrs.

HONORARV LlFE MEMBERS:

ADDRESSES.

... St. Elmo, 37 College Crescent, Finchley Rd,,

London, N.W. 3.
... 50 Meadway Court, Hampstead Heath, N.W.4^,

LiFE Members:
Byrne, G. P. ... H.B.M. Consulate General, Shanghai, China

Curran, Rev. M. J. ... Archhishop's House, Drumcondra, Dublin

HoUingworth, Miss Mary A. ... Leithcn, Newnham Road, Bedford
Kelly, Paul Herrick ... 20 Cheapside, London, E.C. 2

Lewis, Hon. A. L. ... The Mardv, Aberdare, S. Wales

O'Connor, K.c.,His Honour Judge, Dunsdale, Poole Road, Bournemouth
Sheehan, Rev. M., d.d. ... St. Patriclc's College, Mavnooth

UA CAf Al-Oe, SeÁmUf, B.A.,M.R.I.A., Clj CluAtlA, gtAf CAtlÓj, ÁC CLlAC

A ÓeAbAfA, muinnctfi
Armstrong, Col. James
Ashbourne Lord

Members:

CeAC CtlOC nA CAffA, gAtitttÍl

48 Talgarth Mansions, West Kensington, W. 14
Moorhurst, Holmwood, Surrey

Banks, Mrs. M. M.
Barron, E. W., D.L.
Bartholomew, J.
Baudis, Dr. Josef
Bearv, Michael, c.E.
Begley, Rev. J. Canon, p.p.
Bergin, Prof. Osborn J.
Berkeley, George F. H.
Benv, Major, A.s.c, M.R.i.A.

Blaikie, W. B.

Bodkin, H. Grattan

Boland, J. P., m.p.
Boland, P. J.
Boswell, C. S.
Bovle, Rev. J., p.p.
Boj'le, Samuel

7 Wadham Gardens, London, N.W.3
Woodstown, Co. Waterford
Glenorchard, Torrance, near Glasgow
42 .•\inger Road, Primrose Hill, N.W. 5
Abbeyside, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford
Cappagh, Ballingrane, Co. Limerick
University College, Dublin
Hanwell Castle, nr. Banburv, O.x'fordshire
c/o Sir C. R. MacGregor, Bart., 39 Panton St.,

London, S.W. 1
c/o Messrs. Constable & Co., University

Press, 11 Thistle Street, Edinburgh
Herman W. Hellman Building, N.E. Corner

4th and Spring Streets, Los Angeles, Cal.,

U.S.A.
40 St. George's Square, London, S.W.
Glenarde, Galwav
Fairseat, Totnes

Gortahork, Letterkenny, Ireland
37 Deauville Road, Clapham Park, S.W. 4

NAMES.

Bradley, J., .M.n.
Breen, Rev. D.
Brett, Sir Charles
Briley, W. P.
Brodrick, Hon. Albinia
Brophy, Michael M.
Brown, Protessor A. C. L.
Briinnow, Professor Dr. R.
Buckley, Jaines, m.r.i.a.

ADDRESSES.

32 Lawrence Street, Drogheda

The Presbytcry, Caherdaniel, Co. Kerry

Gretton, Malone, Belfast

12 Hollybank Road, Drumcondra, Dublin

Ballincoona, Caherdaniel, Co. Kerry

48 Approach Road, Margate

Northwestern Universitv, Evanston, U.S..\.

Meadow Brook, Bar Harbour, Maine, U.S.A.

11 Hometield Road, Wimbledon, Surrey

Cahill, Very Rev. Dean Wm. ...

Cahill, Vincent
Cain, Rev. S. F.

Calder, Rev. George, b.d.
Carrigan, Very Rev. Wm. Canon,

D.D., P.P., M.R.I.A.

Chaffey, A. M.

Chambers, Miss E. K.
Clifford, Rev. J. J.
Coghlan, Rev. G. P.
Cohalan, Very Rev. J. Canon,

P.P., V.F.,

Colgan, Nathaniel
Collins, Edward, ll.d.
Collins, Jereniiah
Conaghan, John
Condon, Rev. R.
Conrov, Professor C C.
Cooke, John, .m.a., .m.r.i.a.
Costello, Thomas, m.d.
Courtauld. G.
Cox, Prof. Edward G., ph. d.

Cox, Rt. Hon. Michael, P.C., m d.

M.R.I.A.

Coyne, D. J.

Covne, John P.

Crone, J. S., m.d., j.p., m.r.i.a. ...

Curran, Miss Aileen

Lovola Universitv, Sheridan Road, Chicago,

Ú.S.A.
7 Lavagh Villas, Ashtield Rd., Ranelagh, Dublin
4956 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los .A.ngeles,

Cal., U.S..A..
4 Oaktield Terrace, Glasgow, W.

Los Angeles,

Durrow, Oueen's Co.

V.P. Hibernian Savings Bank,

Cal., U.S.A.
326 East Avenue 60, Los .A.ngeles, Cal., U.S.A.
1317 S. Mariposa St., Los .\ngeles, Cal, U.S.A.
2135 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A.

The Presbytery, Bantry, Co. Cork
15 Breffni Terrace, Sandycove, Co. Dublin
E.D.O., Custom House, Dublin
29 Willoughbv St., BrookIyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
G(>i'tahork, Letterkenny, Ireland
Park St., Campsie, Sydney, N.S.W.
Higgins Building, Los .\ngeles, Cal., U.S.A.
66 Morehampton Road, Dublin
Bishop StrL'ct, Tuam, Co. Galway
The \\'aver, W'ctherstield, Braintrec, Essex
Universitv of Washington, Seattle, Washing-
ton. U.S.A.

26 Menion Squarc, Duhlin
Laughlin Building, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.
Laughlin Building, Los Angeles, Cal.. U.S.A.
Kensal Lodge, Kensal Green, London, N.W. 10
63 Upper Gloucester Place, N.W. 1

Dalton, John P.
"Oe tÍAt, ATi c-*.\c.im ComÁf
"Oe bú|icA eiiTiin,
Deenihan, Rev. J. J.

De Lury, Alfred T.
Desmond, Walter J.
Digbv, Everard W.

Dillon, R. J.

Dixon, Henrv
Dobbs, Miss M. C.

... 16 .\Im,i Road, Monkstown, Dublin

... Drumc()IIi)gher, Co. Limerick

... pÁijic tiA C>.\i|t|i5e, An CAot, Achill

... 154 North Seville .\venue, Huntington Park,

Cal., U.S.A.
... University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
... Postmaster, Long Beach City, Cal., U.S.A.
... c/o Messrs. Grindlay & Co., 54 Parliament

Street, S.W. 1
... Merchants' National Bank, Los Angeles, Cal.,

U.S.A.
... 19 Cabra Road, Dublin
... pojic n.A gAbLAiiti, Cushendall, Co. .Antrim

10

NAMES.

l)(ici,v;>oii, Kd. Spciiccr, m.a.
D'ihertv, Miss Josi.'phiiic C,
l)i)iiiiellaii, I\, M.i).
DdMncllv, M. J., M.i).
Dottiii, Prof. (leoriíes
Dnwlcv, Miss Bii,!?id
Dtiwlinj^, Fiank
Downiiijí, George \i.

Dovle, J. J.

Diiff, Miss Eirene

.\Dl)RKSSb:s.

lesus Collci^c, Oníoic!

'326 Kast Avciiuc 60, Los Aii.i;clcs, Cal., U.S.A.

Castlcrca, Co. Roscorniiioii

Sunimil Hill, Pa, U.S.A.

39 Houlcvard Scvignc, Rcnnes, France

W'cstgatc, Cairick-oii-Suir, Co. Tipperarv

960 South Slrcct, Hoslindalc, Mass., U.S.A.

909 Hihciniaii Buildinj.;, Los Ani^cles, Cal.,

r.S.A.
133 L'iiivcrsilv St., Belfast
28 Oppidan'sRoad, London. X.W. 3

Kadie, Captain J. Inglis
Englaiid, Tlios. A., LL.u.
Ensclicdt-, M. Johannes
Kslcr, Mrs. Rcntoul
Ksmondc, SiriT. Grattan, Jit.,\Li'
Evans, Miss K. M.

c,o Mrs. L. líatlcii, Gillingham, Dorset
K.D.O., Somersct House, Loiidon, W.C. 2
Hui/.c, Ipciirodc, Heemstede, HoUand
4 Qucen's Road, Pcckham, S.E. 15
Ballynastr;igh, Gorev, Co. Wc.xford
St. Marv's, Ely. Camhridgcshire

Farrcll, K. W.

Figgis, Darrcll
Fit/Gcrald, M. J,
Flcniing, E. J.

Flcining, Rev. R.
Flowcr, K. E. W.
Fogerty, W. A., m.a., .m.d.
Foley, Miss Aine
Ford, W. J.

Freeman, A. Martin
"PitmfeAc ■OeoiiA,
Fyiies-Cliiiton, O. H.

... -Mcrrion, Thornford Koad, Lcwisham Park,

Londoii, S.E. 13
... niuttAc nA 5C|ie<.\5Ati, .An CaoL, AchiU
... 18 King St., Siiow Hill, London, E.C. 1
... Hcnuan W. Hcllman Building, Los Angcles,

Cal., U.S.A.
...47 Wcstland R..w, Dublin
... MSS. Dcpt., British Museum, London, W.C.
... 67 Gcorgc Strcct, Limerick
... King, Dungarvan, Co. Waterlord
... Hennaii W. Hcllmaii Building, Los Angeles,

Cal., T-.S.A.
... 166 Laudcrdalc Mansions, Maida Vale, W.9
... St. .Ann's, Doniiyhrook, Duhlin
... Weirglodd Wcii, Uppcr Garth Koad, Bangor,

X. Wales

Gatfncv, I. S., h..\., Crown Solr.,
Gahagan.'F. Evett
Gaido/, Profcssor Henri
Ganiion, John P.
Gates, H. C.
Gh'iiii, Sir Jc:)scph
Glvnn, Thomas
Gohlct, Prof. Yann M.
Green,J. S., Lieut.-Col., H..A.M.C.,

M.R.LA.

Gregorv, Lady

Gwvnn, Prof. Edward, F.T.c l). ...

86 O'ConncU Strcct, Limerick

8 Doughtv Slrcct, London, W.C. 1

22 Kue Servandoni, Paris vi.

Laragh, Maynooth, Co. Ivildare

56 Wilton Road, Muswell Hill, London, N.

St. Jarlath's, .\ilcsbnry Road, Dubliii

Gort, Co. Galwav

1 Villa Xiel, París .xvii.

Air Hill, Glanworth, Co. Cork

Coole Park, Gort, Co. Galway
34 Trinity Collegc. Dublin

Hackett, J. D.

Hamill, Michael
Haniilton, Gustavus
Haran, J. A.
Harkins, W. G.

72 Xorth Parsons Avenue, Flushing, Long

Island, Xcw York, U.S.A.
P.O. Box 253, Cristobal, Canal Zonc, Panaina
.\rdlui, Howth, Co. Dublin
P.M.O.'s Otiicc, Nairobi, British East Africa
627 Pacitic Buildings, San Francisco, Cal.,

U.S.A.

11

NAMES.

Havaid-Joncs, H. T.
Haynes, Miss Muriel Sturgis
Headlaui, M. F.
Hcí^art^, Rev. Tliomas, cx.
Heggarty, Rev. J. M.
Henderson, Saniuel
Henehry, Franklin P.
Henrv, Robert Mitcheil, M.A.
Hiclvéy, Rev. B.

Higgins, Thonias
Hogan, John

Hogartv, Thomas
Horsford, Miss Cornelia
Howard, George J.

Hutton, Mrs. A. W.

Hvde, Proícssor Douglas, i.itt. d.

ADDRESSFS.

South View, Cross Green, Soham, Cambs.

Augusta, Maíne, U.S.A.

43 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin

Clonmanv, Co. Donegal

114e, 2nd St., Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.

Crossmolina, Co. Mayo

627 Xineteenth St., Denvir, Colorado, U.S..\.

Queen's Universitv, Belfast

St. Mary's, W'ellington Rd., Ashton-undei-

Lvne
Higgins Buildiiig, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S..\.
7 Prince .\rthur Terrace, Leinster Square,

Rathmines, Dublin
318e, 31st St., Brookiyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
27 Craigie Strect, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Hibernian Savings Bank, Los Angeles, Cal.,

U.S.A.
Palmerston Lodge, Dartry Road, Dublin
1 Earlsfort Phice, Dublin

Ircland, Arthur J.

Jack, John

Jeudwine, J. W., m..k.
Johnston, J. P. sc.u.
Jones, Lieut.-Col. Bryan J.
Joyce, \Vm. B., n.A.
Joynt, Ernest E.
Joynt, John W'.
Jovnt, Miss Maud

36 Stanhope Rd., St. Albans.

53 High St., Fortrose, Inverness, X.B.
Riverside, Batheaston, Somerset
Churchtown Park, Dundrum, Co. Dublin
Lisnawillv, Dundalk

10 (irosvenor Square, Rathmines, Dublin
46 Tirconnell Ro;id, Inchicore, Dublin
2 Carlingford Road, Hampstead, X.W. 3
85 Moyne Road, Rathmines, Dublin

Keappock, Rev. Thomas
Keating, Miss Geraldine
Ivcating, Rev. Martin C.
Keating, Thomas F.
Reliher, Thomas
Kelly, John F., ph.d.
Kelly, Thomas .^liaga
Kennv, J. P.
Ker, Prof. W. P.
Knox, H. T.
Kno.\, Rev. P. B.

Lamotte, W. de G.

Lane-Poole, Prof. Stanley, d.i.itt.

Lankford, J. R.

Law, Hugh A , M.P.

Lawlor, Rev. H. J., d.d.

Lefroy, B. St. G.

Lindley, Walter, .m.d.

Livingston, Rev. Wm.

Llovd, Joseph H.

Lvnam, E. W.

Lynch, M. C.

Lynch, P. J., f.r.s.a.i.

Lvnch, Tnnothv

Lysaght, S. R. "

Milltown. BalIvnacargA', Co. Westmeath
Cannon MiII Cottage, Chesham, Bucks.
Del Mar, California, U.S.A.
84-86 Ci^ambers Street, New York, U.S.A.
134 Upper Thames Street, London, E.C. 4
284 W. Housatonia St., Pittstield, Mass.
61 .\nglesea Road, Donnybrook, Dublin
51 StrandviIIe Av., X. Strand Rd., Dublin
95 Gower Síreet, London, W.C. 1
Rivershill, St. George's Rd., Cheltenham
St. Patrick's Church, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A.

Solicitor's Dept., Treasury, Whitehall, S.W. 1

The Bell House, Bearsted, Maidstone

Ashburton, St. Luke's, Cork

Marble Hill, Ballvmore, Co. Donegal

32 Palmerston Road, Dublin

Baldonnell, CIondalkin, Co. Dublin

California Hospital, Los .\ngeles, Cal., U.S..\.

308e, 37th Street, Xew York, U.S.A.

buiAle TiA 5néine, Stillorgan Park, Dublin

British Museum, London, W.C. 1

20 East Bank, Stamford HiII, London, X. 16

44 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin

Sun Lodge, 65 Sundav's Well, Cork

Hazlewood. !\Lillow, Co. Cork

12

XAMES.
MacAdam, Rev. Donald M., p.i».,

MacAlister, Proíessor R. A. S. ...

Mac Aoidh, laii

Mac.\uliffe, J.J.

MacBride, A.. m.d.

MacBride, Josepli M.

ITlAC CAnnc\, pu\HAf

MacCartney, H. S. G,

MacClintoclí, Captain H. F.

McCormick, A. I.

McCorniicU, Thc Honble. Paul J.,

MacDermott, Kev. John, p.p. ...
ITlAC "OotfinAitl, •p. S.
MacDonagli, Frank

McDonald, J. Wiscman
tTlAc énjii, SeAJÁn p., .M.n.

rriAC eoCA-ÓA. lo|tCAn

McErlean, A. .\., ll.b.
McGarrv, D. F.
McGarry, M. J.
triAc 5eA|tAilc, ComÁf T).
MacGinlev, P. T.
Mackay, William Dr.

McGovern, Kev. J. B.
McKenzie, Mrs.
MacLagan, K. C, M.u.
MacLoughhn, James L.
MacManus, Padraic
MacManus, Kev. Joseph
MacXaghtcn, Hon. Helen
MacXamara, G. U., ll.ij.
MacXamara, Lt.-Col. J. W.
MacXeill, Patrick Charles

tTlAC fllOCAlll. h.

rtiAc niocAill, s.
MacPhail, George

ITlAC SUltine, pATDjlAIC

MacSweenev, E. G , M.D.
MacWilham' H. H., m.b.
Maffett, Kev. Kichard S., H..A.
Mahony, J. f.
Mahony, w! H.

Martyn, Edward
Meehan, Wiiham
Merriman, P. J., M..A.
Milne, Kev. John. d.d.
Mintern, Joseph
Mooney, James

ADDRESSES.

Moore, R. H.
Moore, Rev. H.

D.D., M.R.i..\.

Ivingsmill,

Churcii of the Sacred Heart, Sydney, Nova

Scotia
Xewlands, C!onskeagh, Co. Dublin
33 Curzon Road, Muswell Hiil, London, X.IO
16 Xorthcote Terrace, Bradford, Yorks.
Infirmarv House, Ca^tleliar, Co. Mayo
Harbour Commissioners' Ofiice, Westport
Ballvowen, Cashel, Co. Tipperary
934 West 18th St., Los Angeles, Cal., T.S.A.

16 yueensberry Place, London, S.W. 7
Hibernian Buiíding, Los .\ngeles, Cal.,U.S..\.
Judge of the Supreme Court, Los Angeles,

Cal., U.S..\.
Croghan, Bovle, Co. Roscomnion
Box P.O. 21Í East London, S. Africa
Thomond, 176 Cavendish Road, Clapham

Park, London, S.W. 4
Higgins Building, Los .\ngeles, Cal., U.S.A.
2 Palmyra CresceiU, Galway
CuLac O lipei-ótiin, Co. CeiteAntAC
22 W. 16th St., Xew York, U.S.A.
Higgins Building, Los Angeles, Cal., U.SA.
Higgins Building, Los .Angeles, Cal., U.S..\.
7 High Street, Highgate Village, X. 6
108 Drumcondra Road, Dublin
C/O Messrs. Innes and Mackay, Solicitors,

Inverness
St. Stephen's Rectory, Manchester, S.E.
43 Chestnut Park Road, Toronto, Canada
5 Coates Crescent, Edinburgli
33 Westland .A.venue, Derry
Mountcharles, Co. Donegal
407 S. Chicago St., Los Angeles, Cal., U.S..\.
Runkerry, Bushmills, Co. .A.ntrim
Bankyle House, Coroiin, Co. Clare
Corotin, Co. Clare
Customs and Excise, Kilkenny

1 Slije UA h-eAjlAife, Hac tllAOijneAp, Si

CllAt

2 Woodhill ViUas, Tivoli, Cork
Hearnesbrooke, Rillimor, Ballinasloe, Co.

Galway

5 Hightield .A.venuc, Cork

481 Main Street, Brockton, Mass, U.S..\.
Walton Institution, Rice Lane, Liverpool

17 Herbert Road. Sandymount, Dublin
Suite 608, .\shland Block, Chicago, U.S..\.
Springtield .\venue, Chatham, Xew Jersev,

u.s:a.

Tulira Castle, .\rdrahan, Co. Galway

6 O'Connell St., Dungarvan, Co. Waterford
University CoUege, Cork

Xewlands Manse, W. Linton, Peeblesshire

Kilmurry, Passage West, Co. Cork

Bureau of American Ethnology, Smith-

sonian Inst., Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
65 Hightield Road, Dartford, Kent
Church of Ireland Training College, Rildare

Place, Dublin

N'AMES.

Mount Melleray, Rt. Rev. Lord

Abbot of
Moynihan, James
Mo^'nihan, Rev. Timothy
Murphy, J. J Fintan
Murphy, WiUiam, N.T.

13

ADDRESSES.
Cappoquin, Co. Waterford

3 Hij^htield Avenue, West, Cork
390 Shotwell St., San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A.
16 Effra Road, Brixton Hill, London, S.W.2
53 Harbour Row, Queenstown, Co. Cork

11 í AoxiA, mÁiite

tlí 'ÓiomfAi^, niAij'oLín

11Í jjiiobtA (Iaoic), 5eA|ioiT)ín.

ní UiAin, .Áine

ílic ttlArJAthnA, AnícA

Noonan, J. D.

Norris, Very Rev. T. Canon

7 Fulham Park Road, S.W. 6
Brookvale House, Cliftonville, Belfast
CluAtn ttuA-ó, ÁÍA nA ScAi|i1!)e, Co. Óitte

inAnnrÁin
Doon, Co. Limerick
An CAot, Achill, Co. Mayo
95 Harberton Road, Highgate, London, N. 19
Catholic Rectory, Brentwood, Essex

O btiAOin, "O.

O t)fiAin, p.

O'Brien, Michael

O'Brien, Rev. J. J.

O'Brien, P. P.

O'Brien, Rev. Denis, d.ph., d.d

O buACAttA pÁ-0]1A15

0'Byrne, Owen
0'Byrne, Patrick
0'Byrne, William

O'Callaghan, Jeremiah
O'Carroll, J. T.
O'Carroll, Joseph, m.d.
O'Carroll. Rev. P.
O CeAttAij, SeÁmvif
O Clei|n5, Ca'Ój
O ConJAite, Art c-ArAif p.
O'Connell, G. C.

O'Connell, John A.
O'Connell. Maurice

O'Connor, Michael
O'Connor, P. J.
O CuitcAnÁtn, tTlicéAt
O'Dea, Rev. D., b.a.
0'Doherty, Rev. John, c.c.
O tDótÁtn, *\n r-ArAi^ SeÁmuf
O 'OonncA-ÓA, CAt)5, Professor
O'Donnell, Dr. Nicholas M.

O'Donnell, Most Rev. Dr.,Bishop

of Raphoe
O'DonnelI, Rev. M.
O'Donoghue, Rev. J.
O'Donovan, J. J.
O'DriscoU, Rev. Denis, P.P.
0'Farrelly, Miss A., m.a.
0'Flynn, John

5 Ennismore Villas, Magazine Road, Cork
Ballvferriter, Dingle, Co. Kerry

N.S. BaIIymakeera, Co. Cork

Indian School, Banning, Cal., U.S.A.

City Hall, Los Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.

St. Munchin's College, Limerick

.\bbcyside, Dungarvan, Co. Waterford

87 Leinster Road, Rathmines, Dublin

Killybegs, Co. Donegal

■0|tutm A.\oit)tnn, New Road, Clondalkin, Co.

Dublin
121 Duke Street, Sheffield
29 Mount Park Crescent, Ealing, London, W.5
43 Merrion Square, Dublin
Cahirciveen, Co. Kerry
53 Rathgar Road, Dublin
1049 Treat Avenue, San Francisco, Cal., U.S.A.
St. Patrick s College, Maynooth, Ireland
1126 Merchants' National Bank Building, Los

Angeles, Cal., U.S.A.
St. Patrick's Art Works, Lower Rd., Cork
Hill View, Marion Rd., Mill Hill, London,

N.W. 7
Clooncurra N.S., Lispole, Co. Kerry
1031 S.Grand Avenue, Los Angeles,Cal., U.S.A
Old Court, Creagh R.S.O , Co. Cork
St. Flannan's College, Ennis, Co. Clare
St. Eugene's, Derrv
Cott)Án, ■0|toiceA-o Áía
Croata, Glasheen Road, Cork
160 Victoria Street, North Melbourne,

Victoria, Australia.
Letterkenny, Co. Donegal

Kilmaine, HoIIymouut, Co. Mayo

St Hannan's CoIIege, Ennis, Co. Clare

2 Querin Villas, Ballinacurra, Limerick

Enniskean, Co. Cork

26 Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin.

6 Park View, Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary

14

XA.MHS
O'Gorman, Rcv. 1

ADDRESSICS.

..hn J.,
I'. CL-

O'HalIoran, Hc\

O'He.iínrtv. I'. S

0'KccHc."j. i;.

0'KclIy. Tliomas

O'Learv. Johii

O'Maddcn, PalricL I.

O lllÁille, ConK\)\ .M.A., i'H.i

O mó^iÁin, An Z-Ai-M]\ p. S.

O inti|icA't)A. Colni.

O'NciIl

O'Xeil. P. H.

O'Raiiillv. T. F.

O UiAin, tiAm p.

O'Reillv, Georyc

O'Reillv, Kl. Rcv. Monstír

B.A., M.lí.l.A.

O'Riordan, K. F. m.a.

O'Rourlvc, Rcv. .Andicw

Orpen, Goddard

O Seocf |iA-ÓA, pÁ-o|tAi5

O SuitteAbÁtn, seA)ión>. \i..\

O'SuIlivan, D. J."

O'SuIIivan, Michacl

O'SuIIivan, Rev. A. M , o.s.n.

O'Sullivan, Rcv. T.

Owcns. T. J.

i'c.i 225 Fourllt .Avcniic, Ottawa, Canada

... St. Mary's Xenagh

... \\'oodleigli, WeIsh)H)ol

... Cilcndhu, Cccil Park, Piniicr

... 40 HiIldro)i Road, London, \.7

... Cashel, Co. Tippcrarv

.. Stella Maris, Salt Hiii, Gaiwav

.. l'niversitv Collcjíc, (ialway

.. Clarcgalway, Ireland

.. 26 Ratiimincs Tcrracc. Duiiiin
... 59 Rua das Florcs, Lisboii
... £28 Storcy Buiiding, Los Angelcs, Cal., I'.S.A.
... 36 Bclgravc Square, Rathmines, Dublin
... 6 Lowth Road, Denmark Hill, London, S.K.5
... 26 Trinitv Strect. Drogiicda
Hugli. St. Colman's Coilege, Violct Hill. Xewrv

Suite 608 Ashland BIock, Chicago, T'.S.A.

St. Mary'.s, Swinton, Manchester

MonUsgrangc, Enniscorthv, Co. \Vc.\iord

Dingle, Co. Kerry

Knockbeg CoIIege, Carlow

Fstate Duty Office, Somerset House, W.C. S

Ardcevin, 106 Drumcondra Rd., Duhlin

St. Catherine's Hospital, Ramsgatc

Pnory Lodge, Hoddesdon, Herts

P.O. Box 146. Ancon, Canal Zonc, Panama

Perry, Miss A. :\L

Perry, Rev. J. F.

Phelan, Joseph

Pierse, Rev. Padraig

Pochin, Miss

Power, Rev. Prol". P., m.r.i.a.

Prendergast, Rc\-. K.

Press, Mrs. E.

Purcell, Joseph

Purser, Prol. L. C, htt.d.

9 Steele's Road. Hampstead, X.W.3

Stonor Park, HenIey-on-Thamcs

Bo.x 564, Balboa, Canal Zonc, Panama

1343 Third Street, Santa Monica. Cal., U.S.A.

The Manor House, Wigston, Leicester

l'niversitv College, Cork

Carrick-on-Suir, Co. Tipperary

Avon Wood, Stoke Bishop, Bristol

2 Glenmalure ViIIas, Castleview Gardens,

Limerick
35 Trinity College. Dublin

Quinlivan, P.

Inland Revenue,
Cork

Shandon St., Bandon, Co.

Redington, Miss Matilda
Redmond, Owen J.
Rhys, Ernest
Rice, Rcv. James

Rice, Ignatius J.

Robertson, William Joiin

Robinson, Prof. F. X.

Rogers. Earl

Rolleston, T. W.

Ross, Miss Catiierine

Rushe, Denis Carolan, h.a., Sulr.

Rvan, Rev. P. C, p.p.

Rvan, W P.

Kilcornan, Oranmore, Co. Galway

15 Lomond Avenue, F'airview, Dublin

48 West Heath Drive, Golders Green, X.W.4

The Presbytery, Headley Road, Graysiiott,

Hants
Roselaw-n, Ballybrack, Co. Dublin
Woodstock, West Didsbury, Manchcster
Harvard l'niversity, Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A.
Caliíornia Buiiding, Los .\ngeles, Cal.. U.S.A.
Itield, 16 Prince Arthur Rd., Hampstead, X.W.3
66 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin
Far-Meehui, Monagiian
Fethard, Co. Tipperary
18 Ellerdale Road, Hampstead, X.W.

15

xamf:s.

Scannell, Tht- Hi^lit Rev. Rich;

Scott, joseph

Sephton, Kev. John

Seton, Malcohn C.

Shahan, Right Rev. Thos. |., i

Shaw, Thomas J.

Sheehan, John

Shekielon, A. íno.

Slciine. F. H. "

Smith, Kev. Geo. N'uttall

Snivth. V. Acheson

Spring Rice, The Hon. Marv

Siatioril. Franlv \V.

ADDRESSFS.

trd, Bishop of Omaha, Nebraslca, l'.S.A.

... 1004 Black Building, Los Anjíeles, Cal., U.S.A.

... 90 Huskiss<3n St., Liverpool

... 13 Clarendon Rd., Holland Park, London,\V. 11

).i).. Catholic Univcrsitv, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

... La Mancha, Belvedere, Mullingar, Ireland

... Williani Street, Fermov, Co. Cork.

... 37 Dalmore Rd., West Dulwich, Londnn. S E.

... 147 Victoria Street, S.W. 1

... Kelly Rectory, Lifton, Devon

... 45 Dartmouth Square, Leeson Park, Dublin.

... Mount Trenchard, F'ojnes, Co. Limerick

... Deputv District Attorney, Hall ol Records,
LosAngeles, Cal., U.sIa.

Thompson, Miss E. Skel'tington
Tiernev, Rev. John, d.ph.
Townshend, Miss C. M.

Glenellv, Chislehurst. Kent

Nass, Co. Kildare

5|iiu\fó riA 5|iéine, Glandore, Co. Cork

llA biuNCALt^N, X)otrm.Mll
Ua CuMiÁin, S. ]:., .M.i;.
11<\ Conce<xnÁiii, ConiÁ|'
IM Co|icAHT)A, T)u\]innin)

UA C0|1CAHX)A, pÁTÍIUMJ

Ua h--t\nliK\in, e. m. S.

Maynooth, Co. Kildare
Ballinalee, Edgeworthstt^wn, Ireland
Liof r\A mA|iA, t)ór-.\|i nA C|i<vi;<\, gAiltitfi
Dingle, Co. Kerry
Dingle, Co. Kerry

14 SuilálÁn •óuín tiA mÁttA, BIackrock, Co.
Dublin

Van Hamel, Dr. A. G.
Vendryes, Prdfessor J.

Nieuwe Haven 93, Rotterdam
85 Rue d'Assas, Paris

Walker, Charlton, b.a.
Walsh, Most Rev. W. J., d.u.,
Walsh, Kev. R. F., c.c.
Walshe, M. C, j.i'.

Walcrs, Eaton W., M.D.
Webster, K. G. T.
VVestropp, T. J., M.A.. m.h.i.a.
Whitc, Col., J. Grove, J.i'., u.i.
Whitworth, Mrs. Mary
Williams, Rev. P.
Williams, T. W.
Wilson, Rev. T., c.c
Woulfe, Rev. Patrick, c.c.

Hartswood Lodge, Warley, Esse.v
Archbishop's House, Drumcondra, Dublin
Draperstown, Co. Derry
2b, Bickenhall Mansions, Gloucester Place,

London, W. 1
Brideweir, Conna, Co. Cork
Gerry's Landing. Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A.
115 Strand Rd., Sandymount, Co. Dublin
Kilbyrne, Doneraile, Co. Cork
Sv 5tiiAnÁn, BIackrock, Dundalk
17 S. Electric Avenue, Alhambra, Cal,, U.S.A.
Bank Chambers, Corn Street, Bristol
BalIyhooley, Co. Cork
KiImallock, Co. Limerick

Vtuiiig, Miss Rose M.
Viiniiií, P. T.. i.L.i;.

Glendun Lodge, Cushendun, Co. Antrim
2 Drummond Gardens, Crow Rd

Glasgow

16

LlBRARIES, SOCIETIES, COLLECES,
AND SCHOOLS.

Aberdeen, University Library

.. per P. J. Anderson, Librarian

Baltimore, Marvland, U.S.A., Enodi.

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Library
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17

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Universitv Libraiv W C. 2

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GaUvav, Universitv College Library
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Grosvenor Public I>ibrarv

.. per Hodges, Figgis & Co., 104 Grafton

Street, Dublin
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Glasgow

.. per S. A. Pitt, Citv Librarian, Xorth

Street, Glasgow
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W.C.2

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Library
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Street, Shaítesbury Avenue, W.C.2
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Illinois Public Librarv, Urbana, 111.... per Stechert & Co., 2 Star Yard, Carev

Street, W.C. 2
Irish Literarv Society, London,... per The Hon. Secretaries
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Kilkenny, Carnegie F'ree Librarv ... per Kd. .MacSweeney, Librarian

Leeds, Central Public Library
Liinerick, Carnegie Free Library
Limerick, Corin|iA-ó riA gAe-óitje

LimericL, Mungret College Libiary.
Limerick, Mungret CoIIege (St. Pat-,

rick's Librarv)
Liverpool Public Library
London. Conu|iA-ó riA gAe-óitge

London, Gaelic Societv

London Librarv

London, University College
Los Angeles Public Librarv

per T. W. Hand, Librarian

per J. P. McXamara, Director

per The Secretary, 17 Tliomas Street,

Limerick
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per G. T. Shaw, Librarian

per The Secretary, Fulwood House, Ful-

wood Place, Hoíborn, W.C.
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Manchester Free Librarv ... per C. W. Sutton, Librarian, King Street,

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Street, W.C. 2
Melbourne, Public Librarv ... (E. C. Armstrong, Librarian), per Agent-

General for Victoria, Melbourne Place,

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Missouri Universitv Librarv ... per Stechert & Co., 2 Star Yard, Carev

Street. W.C. 2

Natiiíii.il Lihiarv of Irelnnd

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Librarv
Noltin^haui l'iiblic Rclcrcncc Library

18

per llocl.irc-, Fi.ií.iii- i'^- Co.. 104 Grafton

Strccl. nublin
pcr Stcvcns <.\: liniwn. 4 rralal.i;ar Squarc.

VV.C. 2
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Otlaw.i. l-ibrary ol Paili.unciit

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CoUege
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pcr E. G. Allcn iN: Co.. Ltd.. 14 Grapc
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per Parker & Son. 27 Hroad St., Oxíord

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St., abovc Chestnut St., Fliiiadclphia.

Pa., U.S.A.

Ratiiinincs.Co. Dublin, Fublic Librarv
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lol-Scoit riA miiiTiAn
Roval Irish .\cadeinv

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Toronto Librarv

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ot, .\berystwyth
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Yale Universitv Library

pcr E. G. .\llcn & Co., Ltd.. 14 Grapc
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l^

á

LlST OF IRISH
TEXT SOCIETV'S PUBLICATIONS.

{Oui of print).

(i.) 5ioLi^\ ^\n V'^S^^- [The Lad of the Ferulel.

e^ccnA CLoinne 1IÍ5 n^ h-iot\iu\i-óe [Adventures of the

Children of the Kmg of Norwav].

(16th and 17th century texts).

Edited by

PROFESSOR DOUGLAS HYDE, D.Litt., LL.D

(Oiit of print).

(2.) írLet) biMcivenx) [The Feast of Bricriu].

(From Leabhar na h-Uidhre, witli conclusion from
Gaehc MS. xl. Advocates' Lib., and variants from B. M.
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Edited by GEORGE HENDERSON, M.A., Ph.D.

Out of prirJ. See New Edition {Volume 3a).

(3.) X)ÁncA Ao-ó<\5v\in IH nACAitLe [The Poems oí Egan
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Edited, chieflv from mss. in Maynootli CoUege, by
REV. P.'S. DINNEEN, M.A.

[Volmne for 1909.) [See No. 3.)

(3A.) New Edition of the Poems of Egan O'Rahillv.

Revised by PROFESSOR TADHG O'DONOGHUE (CA-og
Ó DonncA-ÓA) and REV. P. S. DINNEEN, M.A.

20

{Voluine for 1901.)

(4.) VoivAf ye.\rs ^\\ é\]\mu [Historv of Ireland]. Bv
Geoffrev IvEATiNG. Part I. (See Vols. 8,

9. 15)-
Edited bv DAVID COMYN, EsQ., M.R.I.A.

{Voliime for 1902.)

(5.) c\\iciAéini Conj.Mi CUiiMn<;ni5, preserved iii a paper
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Edited by The
VERY REV.PROFESSOR P.M. MaídSWEENEV. M.A.

{Volume for 1903.)

(6.) The Irish Version of Virgil's .^.neid írom the Book
of Bah^mote.
Edited by REV. GEORGE CALDER. B.D.

{Volume for 1904.)

(7.) T)iiAnAir\e finn. [Ossianic Poems from the Librarv
of the Franciscan Monastery, Dubhn].
Edited by PROFESSOR JOHN MacNEILL, B.A.

{Volumes for 1905 and 1906.)

(8.) Voi^-M' V^^M'^^ -M^ ^'fi"" [History of Ireland]. By
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Edited by REV. P. S. DINNEEN. M.A.
(9.) Ditto. Part III. (See Vols. 4, 15).

{Volume for 1907.)
(10.) Two Arthurian Romances [eACci\A niACAoini <\n

loL.AH\ .AgUf e.ACCi\A An niA-o|\A tÍUvoil.j
Edited by Professor R. A. S. MacALISTER, xM.A.

21

{Volume for 1908.)
(II.) Poems of David O'Bmadair. (Part I.)
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(See Vols. 13, 18).

Volivne for 1909 - síí 3a supra).

{Volume /or 1910.)
(12.) Buile Suibhne Geilt, A Middle-Irish Romance.
Edited by J. G. O'EEEFFE.

{Volume for 1911.)

(13.) Poems of David O'Bruadair. (Part II.)
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(14.) An Irish Astronomical Tract, based in part on a
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{Volume for 1913.)

(15.) poi\.\r ):e<\rA xif éitxinn [Historv of Ireland]. By
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and annotations to Parts L, IL, III. (See
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CompUed and Edited by REV. P. S. DINNEEN. M.A

22

{Volume for 1914.)

(i6.) Life of St. Declan of Ardmore (Edited from M.S
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in Librarv of Royal Irish Academy, with Intro-
duction, Translation and Notes.

By REV. PROFESSOR P. POWER, M.R.I.A.

{Volume for 1915).

(17.) Poems of Turlogh O'Carolan and additional
Connaught and Ulster poems.

Edited bv
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{Volume for 1916.)
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{Volume for 1917).

(19.) 5Aiv\Lc^\r Seiamr ttióip [TheWarsof Charlemagne].
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{Volume jor 1918).

(20.) lomarhhaidh na hhfiledh [The Contention of the
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Edited by tlie REV. LAMBERT McRENNA. S.J.

The Society's Larger Irish-English Dictionary, edited
by Rev. P. S. Dinneen, M.A., is now out of print.
See Report.

The Smaller Irish-English Dictionary, by the same
author, canbe had of all booksellers, price 3/- net.

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